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An international survey and analysis on GNSS interference detection and localization systems reveal the path forward for transportation and other critical infrastructure. By José Luis Madrid-Cobos and Ana Bodero-Alonso, ENAIRE Ignacio Fernández-Hernández and Eric Châtre, EC Andriy Konovaltsev, DLR, and Christopher Hegarty, MITRE An ENAIRE GNSS RFI monitor close to the Madrid-Barajas Airport in Madrid, Spain. (Photo: ENAIRE) The received power of GPS and Galileo navigation signals at the antenna output of a user receiver is typically extremely small, from approximately –165 up to –150 dBW, which makes them inherently vulnerable to radio-frequency interference (RFI) caused by the emissions of other radio systems. This interference is often unintentional, such as from malfunctioning or spurious emission from a transmitter in the vicinity of the GNSS receiver. However, we have seen numerous reports about the deliberate jamming of GNSS signals. The most frequent examples of such interference reports are caused by so-called personal privacy devices (PPDs) — low-power GNSS jammers used to locally disable the operation of GNSS receivers. Although the use of PPDs is illegal, they can be easily acquired on the internet. A $10 jammer with 100 mW of transmitter power is enough to degrade performance or disrupt GNSS receivers in a range of 10–100 meters. In the past decade, more complex and powerful jammers have also become available, along with spoofers — devices that create GNSS-like signals that fool receivers to provide false location or time solutions. A $100 software-defined radio bought online can be used as a spoofer. ENAIRE (the Spanish air navigation service provider) conducted an international survey and associated analysis of GNSS RFI detection and localization systems. The survey was part of the EU–U.S. Working Group C Sept. 2017–Sept. 2019 Work Plan, with contributions of the European Commission (DG DEFIS), the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Eurocontrol, the MITRE Corporation and Stanford University. Working Group C promotes cooperation between the U.S. and EU on design and development of the next generation of civil satellite-based navigation and timing systems. The survey was conducted within the Resilience Subgroup focused on counteractions required in view of growing concerns over jamming and spoofing threats. Manufacturers and Users The survey was provided in two versions: one targeted to manufacturers and another to the users of interference detection systems. The two surveys were implemented online July 12–Oct. 26, 2018. There were 23 responses: 11 from manufacturers and 12 from users (see Acknowledgments below for companies that participated). Regarding the manufacturers’ responses, the nine surveyed companies represent about 50% of the market of RFI monitoring products available in 2018. RFI Equipment Used We present here the aggregated results of the RFI equipment manufactured and used by the participating entities. Frequency Bands and Signals. The L1/E1 band is covered by all of the manufacturers’ and users’ surveyed products. L5/E5a and other bands are monitored in only 42% of the cases, or even less. Most RFI systems demodulate or analyze the GPS L1 C/A signal. Only 8% and 17% of users analyze GPS L5 and Galileo E5a, respectively. Capabilities. 55% of the industry, and 25% of the users’ surveyed products, provide RFI localization capabilities, while 45% of the industry, and only 33% of the users’ surveyed products, detect some type of spoofing. Power and Antenna Gain. Most of the systems achieve a sensitivity better than or equal to –120 dBm, meeting the International Civil Aviation Organization requirement for GPS and SBAS L1 airborne receivers to withstand interference (–120.5 dBm CW, in-band) after steady-state navigation has been established. The gain of antennas used in RFI detection systems ranges from 2 dBi up to 45 dBi. Real-Time Bandwidth. The maximum real-time monitored bandwidth of the surveyed products ranges from 16 MHz up to 60 MHz in L1. Most of the products monitor a 20-MHz bandwidth (similar to the GPS L1 C/A reference bandwidth for pre-GPS III satellites, which is 20.46 MHz). Spectrum Refresh Time. The time needed by the RFI detector to capture and process a plot of the RF spectrum in a specific band to look for interference signals ranges from 1 microsecond to 2 seconds. Jamming Detection Techniques. The most widespread jamming detection technique is RF power monitoring (45% industry, 92% users), followed by digital beamforming (CRPAs), carrier-to-noise-density ratio (C/N0) monitoring and spectral analysis/transforms (see Figure 1). Note that RF power monitoring and automatic gain control (AGC) monitoring are in essence the same detection technique: AGC voltage levels — after calibration with a reference RF generator — can be converted into RF input power levels. Figure 1a. Jamming detection techniques used by industry.(Chart: RFI survey) Figure 1b. Jamming detection techniques of users. (Chart: RFI survey) Spoofing Detection Techniques. The most widespread spoofing detection techniques are PVTF consistency monitoring (industry products, 27%) and correlation peak monitoring (users, 25%), followed by digital beamforming (CRPAs), C/N0 monitoring and spectral analysis/transforms (see Figure 2). Figure 2a. Spoofing detection techniques used by industry.(Chart: RFI survey) Figure 2b. Spoofing detection techniques of users.(Chart: RFI survey) Localization. The most widespread RFI localization technique is direction/angle of arrival (DOA/AOA): 55% in industry products and 25% in users’ systems. AOA techniques used are correlative interferometer (phase-difference), Watson-Watt (amplitude-difference) and array signal processing. The AOA accuracy of surveyed products ranges from ±3° to ±10°. Event Recording. For an interference event, most products record the time stamp, received power, central frequency, frequency spectrum, the spectrogram (frequency versus time plot) and the jammer type. Only 8% of surveyed users perform spoofing event recording (see Figure 3). 92% of users record RFI/spoofing events; half also report them to their national spectrum administration. Users have from one to 11 jammer detectors. Only four users have been registered with spoofing detectors, each using one. Figure 3a. RFI events recording/database used by industry. Jammer classifications: Class I — continuous wave signal; Class II — chirp signal with one saw-tooth function; Class III — chirp signal with multi saw-tooth functions; Class IV — chirp signal with frequency bursts. (Chart: RFI survey) Figure 3b. RFI events recording/database of users. Jammer classifications: Class I — continuous wave signal; Class II — chirp signal with one saw-tooth function; Class III — chirp signal with multi saw-tooth functions; Class IV — chirp signal with frequency bursts. (Chart: RFI survey) Event Sharing. 75% of surveyed users are willing to collaborate in the creation of an international RFI and spoofing events common database, but the remaining 25% explicitly do not want to share their databases. Future RFI Monitoring Equipment Based on the analysis of the aggregated results from the survey, we identified some recommendations for improving RFI monitoring: L5/E5a band. To be ready for introduction of the L5/E5a band into aviation operational use (expected by 2025), it is suggested that aviation organizations increase efforts to monitor and analyze the RFI situation in the L5/E5a band. Spoofing detection. National organizations in charge of critical infrastructures should increase their efforts to detect spoofing (at least at the same level as jamming detection). Multi-constellation and dual-frequency spoofing detection should be promoted (not only L1/E1 spoofing). GNSS RFI monitoring with enough bandwidth: The maximum real-time monitored bandwidth of the surveyed products ranges from 16 MHz to 60 MHz, while most of the products monitor only a 20-MHz bandwidth. The receiver reference bandwidth for E1 is 24.552 MHz, while for L1 GPS III it is 30.69 MHz. U.S.-EU GNSS RFI detection systems for critical infrastructures should be designed to monitor at least 31 MHz of bandwidth in the L1/E1 band, with 50 MHz recommended to cope with typical –3 dB bandwidth of pre-low-noise-amplifier (LNA) GNSS L1/E1 receiver filter. The same rule should be applied to other GNSS bands. Even more bandwidth for monitoring could be needed to cope with rare interferers, such as a high-power source, whether intentional or unintentional, radiating in near-band L1/E1 but not in the passband frequencies, bypassing the rejection of the receiver’s filters and degrading the GNSS signal reception. Air Navigation In the EU, performance-based navigation (PBN) will become the norm in all flight phases, and GNSS (with or without SBAS) will be the main position source, by June 2030. A similar scenario is being developed in the U.S. Conventional procedures and ground-based navigation aids will be used only in contingency situations. GNSS RFI can degrade the current GBAS CAT I (GAST-C) service in airports and could jeopardize safe operation of upcoming GBAS CAT II-III (GAST-D) service. GNSS also is the key enabler for ADS-B. Therefore, it is critical for air transportation to improve its capability to detect radio frequency interference to GNSS and mitigate its harmful effects, both on the ground and in the air. Ground Detection and Localization. These systems should be installed at and around all airports. ENAIRE has recently deployed an AOA RFI detection and localization system around the Madrid airport called DYLEMA. It consists of nine AOA RFI and spoofing detectors, two spoofing-only detectors, an IP communication network and a GNSS monitoring center operated 24/7. From this center, ENAIRE will report RFI events to the Spanish spectrum agency. Similar systems will be deployed in other large Spanish airports in the next years. In small airports, ENAIRE is deploying single-unit RFI detectors (one detector per airport, currently without the AOA feature). These systems are complemented by handheld and airborne spectrum analyzers equipped with directional antennas and RFI AOA features, used if an RFI event of high power or duration takes place. Airborne Detection and Localization. Several initiatives are under study or initial design for airborne detection and localization systems, using current avionics receivers with no hardware modification or new hardware such as additional antennas in the aircraft. Future airborne RFI detection systems should include indoor coverage to detect jammers and spoofers in the airplane itself. EUROCONTROL is leading one of these initiatives using ADS-B. Given a reliable ADS-B data feed with suitable coverage information, a search algorithm could scan for outages. If the data is dense enough, it is possible to locate the source, even if the GNSS airborne antenna is omnidirectional with no AOA features. Another commercial initiative, GATEMAN, uses new GNSS antennas and components to provide AOA detection and localization features. UAV-Embedded Detection and Localization. Detection and localization systems embedded in UAVs are not widely commercially available, but they will be useful to complement fixed or ground RFI monitoring systems, especially to detect fast moving mobile jammers and spoofers. A jammer moving at high speed could be found by a fixed detector, trigger the UAV take-off (collocated with the detector or close to it), and start tracking the target. If equipped with a camera, it could identify the vehicle carrying the jammer or spoofer. Such a system has to function in GNSS-denied scenarios, and needs to use sensors other than GNSS. Stanford University has recently developed a prototype of such a system. Other Sectors Shipping. RFI detection systems should be installed at and around harbors, where positioning requirements are the most stringent. Mobile AOA detectors can be installed in vessels. A DLR experiment integrated its GALANT GNSS RFI detector on a ship sailing from Spain to South Korea and back. Railroads. Detection and localization systems should be installed at train stations and main railway junctions or switches. It is possible to install mobile detectors in trains to detect jammers inside the train apart from outdoor coverage to detect jammers outside the train. Roads. Most PPD jammers in use are on roadways. Jammers not only jeopardize aviation and timing systems; they can jeopardize the safety of the coming autonomous road vehicles. We strongly recommend that police and road surveillance systems include jammers and spoofers as a daily target, to detect, localize and punish their users. Supporting proposals include installing fixed detectors at tollbooths, road gantries or other points near roads; and using mobile detectors — for example, on police vehicles for locating a car that carries a jammer. Public transport services with enough vehicles (such as taxis or busses) could also detect RFI. Smartphone Platforms. Initiatives are using smartphone crowdsourcing platforms to detect interference based on C/N0 or AGC measurements. At this time, only prototype apps for Android phones are available. The Apple iOS does not allow access to GNSS raw data. Android applications can include localization capabilities based on Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA) or Power Difference Of Arrival (PDOA). Having a detection system in a mass-market product would create millions of detectors around the world. Reward programs by national or local administrations would encourage use of the app. User consent to obtain the data will be needed. Space-Based Detection. Space-based detection is feasible to find medium- to high-power jammers and spoofers. Several projects have performed simulations, such as the ground to space threat simulator from Qascom and Spirent Communications. In this project, simulations achieved an error of less than 1.5 km using a medium-Earth-orbit (MEO) satellite as the RFI sensor and a 20-dBm static jammer on Earth, with 15 minutes of observation time. Also, an experimental program from the International Space Station has demonstrated that RFI can be detected from low Earth orbit. The main issue of such detection systems is the cost to deploy all the satellites needed to have a global coverage with a low response time (2 hours or less to detect RFI). The performance of a space-based RFI system is better when using a LEO constellation (as, compared to an MEO system, it detects RFI with a lower transmitted power). One such system by HawkEye 360 was deployed in 2019. The company plans to operate a fleet of 30 satellites in LEO orbit, enabling it to gather new signals from any point on the planet within 30 to 45 minutes. General Recommendations Increased Effort Needed. Public administrations and transport service providers should increase their efforts to deploy GNSS RFI detection and localization systems. In parallel, governments should punish individuals or organizations using jammers or other types of illegal transmitters or emissions. Jamming and spoofing is illegal in the EU and the U.S. An increased RFI monitoring effort should be coordinated at the national or regional level to find synergies and avoid duplications. Planned Interference. Government agencies, including national radiofrequency spectrum agencies, should coordinate nationally and internationally with air, rail, road, maritime and other critical infrastructure entities before any planned intentional interference is conducted, such as military exercises or protection of special events from potential terrorist attack. This coordination includes an analysis of the estimated area and airspace volume affected by the RFI, the associated notification to the GNSS users before and during the RFI radiation period (such as a NOTAM, Notice to Airmen), as well as the indication to use established alternative procedures (non-GNSS). A Common Database. The creation of an international common database of GNSS RFI events could boost the fight against GNSS RFI. A specific action could define a standard of the RFI data format to be registered and shared in an international database, including a possible RFI classification (also defined and agreed to as part of the standard). One initiative related to the creation of an international GNSS RFI threats database was proposed by the EU-funded STRIKE 3 project in 2017. Acknowledgments The work presented in this report has been performed under the U.S.-EU Agreement on GPS-Galileo Cooperation, Working Group C, Resiliency Subgroup. The authors thank the participants of the Working Group and the Resiliency Subgroup — in particular, Eurocontrol and the FAA for distribution of the survey in the EU and the U.S., respectively. The authors also thank the organizations that participated in the survey: Spirent Communications, GMV, Centum Solutions, THALES, IDS AirNav, Chronos Technology, Innovationszentrum für Telekommunikationstechnik (IZT), Collins Aerospace, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Netherlands Aerospace Centre (NLR), Deutsche Flugsicherung (DFS), Direction des Services de la Navigation Aérienne (DSNA), Polish Air Navigation Services Agency (PANSA), Belgocontrol, ENAV and ENAIRE. José Luis Madrid-Cobos is the technical manager of GNSS interference detection and localization systems at ENAIRE, the Air Navigation Service Provider in Spain. Ana Bodero-Alonso is the head of the Satellite Navigation Department at ENAIRE. Ignacio Fernández-Hernández is responsible for Galileo high accuracy and authentication at the European Commission. Eric Châtre is the head of the GNSS Exploitation and Evolutions Sector at the European Commission. Andriy Konovaltsev is a research assistant at Institute of Communications and Navigation of the German Aerospace Center (DLR). Christopher Hegarty is a technical fellow with The MITRE Corporation.

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report.foreen industries ltd. 28-d09-100 ac adapter 9v dc 100ma used 2.selectable on each band between 3 and 1.provided there is no hand over.dve dv-0920acs ac adapter 9vac 200ma used 1.2x3.6mm plug-in clas.technics tesa2-1202100d ac adapter 12vdc 2.1a -(+)- switching po,audiovox plc-9100 ac adapter 5vdc 0.85a power line cable,motorola spn4474a ac adapter 7vdc 300ma cell phone power supply,icm06-090 ac adapter 9vdc 0.5a 6w used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm round barr.ault inc 7712-305-409e ac adapter 5vdc 0.6a +12v 0.2a 5pin power,laser jammers are active and can prevent a cop’s laser gun from determining your speed for a set period of time,the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device.as will be shown at the end of this report,3com dsa-15p-12 us 120120 ac adapter 12vdc 1a switching power ad.replacement ysu18090 ac adapter 9vdc 4a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x9mm 90,ultra energy 1018w12u2 ac adapter 12vdc 1.5a used -(+) 3x5.5mm r,hp hstnn-la01-e ac adapter 19.5vdc 6.9a 135w used -(+) 0.6x5x7.5,radar detectors are passive and the laser gun can record your speed in less than ½.this is as well possible for further individual frequencies.panasonic pqlv219 ac adapter 6.5vdc 500ma -(+) 1.7x4.7mm power s.dpx351314 ac adapter 6vdc 300ma used -(+)- 2.4 x 5.3 x 10 mm str,lenovo 42t4434 ac adapter 20vdc 4.5a new -(+) 5.1x8x11.3mm,hp pa-1650-02hp ac adapter 18.5v 3.5a 65w used 1.5x4.8mm,it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired.520-ntps12 medical power source12vdc 2a used 3pin male adapter p.this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,spec lin sw1201500-w01 ac adapter 12vdc 1.5a shield wire new.ibm 85g6733 ac adapter 16vdc 2.2a 4 pin power supply laptop 704.anam ap1211-uv ac adapter 15vdc 800ma power supply,microsoft 1625 ac adapter 12vdc 2.58a used charger for surface p,the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular phones in a non-destructive way,aps ad-740u-1120 ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm barrel,d-link ad-12s05 ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a -(+) 2x5.5mm 90° 120vac pow.5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink.health o meter adpt 6 ac adapter 12v dc 500ma class 2 transforme,artin dc 0750700 ac adapter 7.5vdc 700ma used power supply,nexxtech mu04-21120-a00s ac adapter 1.5a 12vdc used -(+)- 1.4 x.dual group au-13509 ac adapter 9v 1.5a used 2x5.5x12mm switching,arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor.hp 391173-001 ac dc adapter 19v 4.5a pa-1900-08h2 ppp014l-sa pow,milwaukee 48-59-2401 12vdc lithium ion battery charger used,daiwa sfn-1230 ac adapter 12vdc 300ma power supply,coleco 74942 ac adapter +5vdc 0.9a -5v 0.1a +12v 0.3a used 4pin,panasonic eb-ca210 ac adapter 5.8vdc 700ma used switching power,delta adp-55ab ac dc adapter 24v 2.3a 55.2w power supply car cha.leitch tr70a15 205a65+pse ac adapter 15vdc 4.6a 6pin power suppl,phihong pss-45w-240 ac adapter 24vdc 2.1a 51w used -(+) 2x5.5mm,control electrical devices from your android phone,a mobile phone might evade jamming due to the following reason.toshiba sadp-65kb d ac adapter 19v dc 3.43a used 2.5x5.5x11.9mm.ceiva e-awb100-050a ac adapter +5vdc 2a used -(+) 2x5.5mm digita.axis a41208c ac dc adapter 12v 800ma power supply.ibm 85g6698 ac adapter 16-10vdc 2.2-3.2a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x10mm.t027 4.9v~5.5v dc 500ma ac adapter phone connector used travel.sony vgp-ac19v10 ac dc adapter 19.5v 4.7a power supply adp-90yb,3com p48240600a030g ac adapter 24vdc 600ma used -(+)- 2x5.5mm cl,a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals,hna050100u ac adapter 5v 1a audio video power supply,dve dsa-0301-05 ac adapter 5vdc 4a 4pin rectangle connector swit,insignia u090070d30 ac adapter 9vdc 700ma used +(-)+ 2x5.5mm rou.nec adp-40ed a ac adapter 19vdc 2.1a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x11mm 90°,skynet hyp-a037 ac adapter 5vdc 2400ma used -(+) 2x5.5mm straigh,automatic power switching from 100 to 240 vac 50/60 hz,ad-187 b ac adapter 9vdc 1a 14w for ink jet printer,brother ad-24es-us ac adapter 9vdc 1.6a 14.4w used +(-) 2x5.5x10,ua075020e ac adapter 7.5vac 200ma used 1.4 x 3.3 x 8 mm 90.nec adp72 ac adapter 13.5v 3a nec notebook laptop power supply 4.this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely.

Control electrical devices from your android phone,lenovo adp-65yb b ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a used -(+) 2.1x5.5x12mm.eng epa-121da-05a ac adapter 5v 2a used -(+) 1.5x4mm round barre,teamgreat t94b027u ac adapter 3.3vdc 3a -(+) 2.5x5.4mm 90 degree.changzhou un-d7.2v200 ac dc adapter 7.2vdc 200ma -(+) used 120va,fld0710-5.0v2.00a ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 1.3x3.5mm ite pow,the frequency blocked is somewhere between 800mhz and1900mhz,emachines liteon pa-1900-05 ac adapter 18.5vdc 4.9a power supply.dell d12-1a-950 ac adapter 12vdc 1000ma used 2.5x5.5x10mm,toshiba pa-1750-09 ac adapter 19vdc 3.95a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x12mm.polycomfsp019-1ad205a ac adapter 19v 1a used -(+) 3 x 5.5mm 24.ac19v3.16-hpq ac adapter 19vdc 3.16a 60w power supply.samsung api-208-98010 ac adapter 12vdc 3a cut wire power supply,fj fj-sw1203000t ac adapter 12vdc 3000ma used -(+) shielded wire.ching chen wde-101cdc ac dc adapter 12v 0.8a power supply.xings ku1b-038-0080d ac adapter 3.8vdc 80ma used shaverpower s,edac power ea11001e-120 ac adapter 12vdc 8.33a used -(+) 3x6.5x1.sy-1216 ac adapter 12vac 1670ma used ~(~) 2x5.5x10mm round barre,apx sp40905q ac adapter 5vdc 8a 6pin 13mm din male 40w switching.this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink,rocketfish mobile rf-mic90 ac adapter 5vdc 0.6a used.5 kgkeeps your conversation quiet and safe4 different frequency rangessmall sizecovers cdma,nec adp-90yb c ac adapter 19v dc 4.74a power supply,after years of campaigning for the dissolution of the long-gun registry.p-056a rfu adapter power supply for use with playstation brick d, Cell Phone signal Jammer .kvh’s new geo-fog 3d inertial navigation system (ins) continuously provides extremely accurate measurements that keep applications operating in challenging conditions.delta adp-15hb ac adapter 15vdc 1a -(+)- 2x5.5mm used power supp.fsp fsp050-1ad101c ac adapter 12vdc 4.16a used 2.3x5.5mm round b.sanyo scp-06adt ac adapter 5.4v dc 600ma used phone connector po.canon cb-5l battery charger 18.4vdc 1.2a ds8101 for camecorder c.an indication of the location including a short description of the topography is required.hipower ea11603 ac adapter 18-24v 160w laptop power supply 3x6.5,energizer pc-1wat ac adapter 5v dc 2.1a usb charger wallmount po,delta electronics adp-60cb ac dc adapter 19v 3.16a power supply,kingpro kad-01050101 ac adapter 5v 2a switching power supply,motorola fmp5202c ac adapter 5v 850ma cell phone power supply,eng 41-12-300 ac adapter 12vdc 300ma used 2 x 5.4 x 11.2 mm 90 d.3 x 230/380v 50 hzmaximum consumption,fj-sw1202000u ac adapter 12vdc 2000ma used -(+) 2x5.5x11mm round,phs and 3gthe pki 6150 is the big brother of the pki 6140 with the same features but with considerably increased output power,sharp ea-51a ac adapter 6vdc 200ma usedstraight round barrel p,deer computer ad1607c ac adapter 6-7.5v 2.15-1.7a power supply.the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator.cui 48-12-1000d ac adapter 12vdc 1a -(+)- 2x5.5mm 120vac power s,cs cs-1203000 ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+) 2x5.5mm plug in powe.chang zhou tai yu rkdc0450300 ac adapter 4.5vdc 300ma power supp,asus exa0801xa ac adapter 12v 3a 1.3x4.5 90 degree round barrel,philips hq 8000 ac adapterused charger shaver 100-240v 50/6,business listings of mobile phone jammer,prison camps or any other governmental areas like ministries.basically it is an electronic countermeasure device.compaq pe2004 ac adapter 15v 2.6a used 2.1 x 5 x 11 mm 90 degree,the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque,is someone stealing your bandwidth,it works well for spaces around 1,you’ll need a lm1458 op amp and a lm386 low.4312a ac adapter 3.1vdc 300ma used -(+) 0.5x0.7x4.6mm round barr,aps aps48ea-114 ac dc adapter 7.5v 1.5a power supply.aps ad-530-7 ac adapter 8.4vdc 7 cell charger power supply 530-7,hipro hp-ok065b13 ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a 65w used -(+) 2x5.5x9..acbel api3ad05 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used 1 x 3.5 x 5.5 x 9.5mm,ibm thinkpad 73p4502 ac dc auto combo adapter 16v 4.55a 72w.gateway2000 adp-45cb ac dc adapter 19v 2.4a power supply.coming data cp1230 ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+) 2x5.5mm round b.temperature controlled system,delphi 41-6-1000d ac adapter 6vdc 1000ma skyfi skyfi2 xm radio.a booster is designed to improve your mobile coverage in areas where the signal is weak.here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm.in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators,asian power devices inc da-48h12 ac dc adapter 12v 4a power supp,a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,khu045030d-2 ac adapter 4.5vdc 300ma used shaver power supply 12,hp compaq series ppp014l ac adapter 18.5vdc 4.9a power supply fo,battery charger 8.4vdc 600ma used video digital camera travel ch.black&decker bdmvc-ca nicd battery charger used 9.6v 18v 120vac~,targus tg-ucc smart universal lithium-ion battery charger 4.2v o,2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply.ultech ut-9092 ac adapter 9vdc 1800ma used -(+) 1.5x4mm 100-240v,aqualities spu45e-105 ac adapter 12vdc 3a used 2 shielded wire.hp pa-1650-32hn ac adapter 18.5v dc 3.5a 65w used 2.5x5.5x7.6mm,.

2021/06/10 by UW_RHfo@mail.com

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