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Generating Distorted GNSS Signals Using a Signal Simulator By Mathieu Raimondi, Eric Sénant, Charles Fernet, Raphaël Pons, Hanaa Al Bitar, Francisco Amarillo Fernández, and Marc Weyer INNOVATION INSIGHTS by Richard Langley INTEGRITY.  It is one of the most desirable personality traits. It is the characteristic of truth and fair dealing, of honesty and sincerity. The word also can be applied to systems and actions with a meaning of soundness or being whole or undivided. This latter definition is clear when we consider that the word integrity comes from the Latin word integer, meaning untouched, intact, entire — the same origin as that for the integers in mathematics: whole numbers without a fractional or decimal component. Integrity is perhaps the most important requirement of any navigation system (along with accuracy, availability, and continuity). It characterizes a system’s ability to provide a timely warning when it fails to meet its stated accuracy. If it does not, we have an integrity failure and the possibility of conveying hazardously misleading information. GPS has built into it various checks and balances to ensure a fairly high level of integrity. However, GPS integrity failures have occasionally occurred. One of these was in 1990 when SVN19, a GPS Block II satellite operating as PRN19, suffered a hardware chain failure, which caused it to transmit an anomalous waveform. There was carrier leakage on the L1 signal spectrum. Receivers continued to acquire and process the SVN19 signals, oblivious to the fact that the signal distortion resulted in position errors of three to eight meters. Errors of this magnitude would normally go unnoticed by most users, and the significance of the failure wasn’t clear until March 1993 during some field tests of differential navigation for aided landings being conducted by the Federal Aviation Administration. The anomaly became known as the “evil waveform.” (I’m not sure who first came up with this moniker for the anomaly. Perhaps it was the folks at Stanford University who have worked closely with the FAA in its aircraft navigation research. The term has even made it into popular culture. The Japanese drone-metal rock band, Boris, released an album in 2005 titled Dronevil. One of the cuts on the album is “Evil Wave Form.” And if drone metal is not your cup of tea, you will find the title quite appropriate.) Other types of GPS evil waveforms are possible, and there is the potential for such waveforms to also occur in the signals of other global navigation satellite systems. It is important to fully understand the implications of these potential signal anomalies. In this month’s column, our authors discuss a set of GPS and Galileo evil-waveform experiments they have carried out with an advanced GNSS RF signal simulator. Their results will help to benchmark the effects of distorted signals and perhaps lead to improvements in GNSS signal integrity. “Innovation” is a regular feature that discusses advances in GPS technology andits applications as well as the fundamentals of GPS positioning. The column is coordinated by Richard Langley of the Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick. He welcomes comments and topic ideas. GNSS signal integrity is a high priority for safety applications. Being able to position oneself is useful only if this position is delivered with a maximum level of confidence. In 1993, a distortion on the signals of GPS satellite SVN19/PRN19, referred to as an “evil waveform,” was observed. This signal distortion induced positioning errors of several meters, hence questioning GPS signal integrity. Such events, when they occur, should be accounted for or, at least, detected. Since then, the observed distortions have been modeled for GPS signals, and their theoretical effects on positioning performance have been studied through simulations. More recently, the models have been extended to modernized GNSS signals, and their impact on the correlation functions and the range measurements have been studied using numerical simulations. This article shows, for the first time, the impact of such distortions on modernized GNSS signals, and more particularly on those of Galileo, through the use of RF simulations. Our multi-constellation simulator, Navys, was used for all of the simulations. These simulations are mainly based on two types of scenarios: a first scenario, referred to as a static scenario, where Navys is configured to generate two signals (GPS L1C/A or Galileo E1) using two separate RF channels. One of these signals is fault free and used as the reference signal, and the other is affected by either an A- or B-type evil waveform (EW) distortion (these two types are described in a latter section). The second type of scenario, referred to as a dynamic scenario, uses only one RF channel. The generated signal is fault free in the first part of the simulation, and affected by either an A- or B-type EW distortion in the second part of the scenario. Each part of the scenario lasts approximately one minute. All of the studied scenarios consider a stationary satellite position over time, hence a constant signal amplitude and propagation delay for the duration of the complete scenario. Navys Simulator The first versions of Navys were specified and funded by Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales or CNES, the French space agency. The latest evolutions were funded by the European Space Agency and Thales Alenia Space France (TAS-F). Today, Navys is a product whose specifications and ownership are controled by TAS-F. It is made up of two components: the hardware part, developed by ELTA, Toulouse, driven by a software part, developed by TAS-F. The Navys simulator can be configured to simulate GNSS constellations, but also propagation channel effects. The latter include relative emitter-receiver dynamics, the Sagnac effect, multipath, and troposphere and ionosphere effects. Both ground- and space-based receivers may be considered. GNSS Signal Generation Capabilities. Navys is a multi-constellation simulator capable of generating all existing and upcoming GNSS signals. Up to now, its GPS and Galileo signal-generation capabilities and performances have been experienced and demonstrated. The simulator, which has a generation capacity of 16 different signals at the same time over the entire L band, has already been successfully tested with GPS L1 C/A, L1C, L5, and Galileo E1 and E5 receivers. Evil Waveform Emulation Capabilities. In the frame of the ESA Integrity Determination Unit project, Navys has been upgraded to be capable of generating the signal distortions that were observed in 1993 on the signals from GPS satellite SVN19/PRN19. Two models have been developed from the observations of the distorted signals. The first one, referred to as Evil Waveform type A (EWFA), is associated with a digital distortion, which modifies the duration of the GPS C/A code chips, as shown in FIGURE 1. A lead/lag of the pseudorandom noise code chips is introduced. The +1 and –1 state durations are no longer equal, and the result is a distortion of the correlation function, inducing a bias in the pseudorange measurement equal to half the difference in the durations. This model, based on GPS L1 C/A-code observations, has been extended to modernized GNSS signals, such as those of Galileo (see Further Reading). In Navys, type A EWF generation is applied by introducing an asymmetry in the code chip durations, whether the signal is modulated by binary phase shift keying (BPSK), binary offset carrier (BOC), or composite BOC (CBOC). FIGURE 1. Theoretical L1 C/A code-chip waveforms in the presence of an EWFA (top) and EWFB (bottom). The second model, referred to as Evil Waveform type B (EWFB) is associated with an analog distortion equivalent to a second-order filter, described by a resonance frequency (fd) and a damping factor (σ), as depicted in Figure 1. This failure results in correlation function distortions different from those induced by EWFA, but which also induces a bias in the pseudorange measurement. This bias depends upon the characteristics (resonance frequency, damping factor) of the filter. In Navys, an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter is implemented to simulate the EWFB threat. The filter has six coefficients (three in the numerator and three in the denominator of its transfer function). Hence, it appears that Navys can generate third order EWF type B threats, which is one order higher that the second order threats considered by the civil aviation community. Navys is specified to generate type B EWF with less than 5 percent root-mean-square  (RMS) error between the EWF module output and the theoretical model. During validation activities, a typical value of 2 percent RMS error was measured. This EWF simulation function is totally independent of the generated GNSS signals, and can be applied to any of them, whatever its carrier frequency or modulation. It is important to note that such signal distortions may be generated on the fly — that is, while a scenario is running. FIGURE 2 gives an example of the application of such threat models on the Galileo E1 BOC signal using a Matlab theoretical model. FIGURE 2. Theoretical E1 C code-chip waveforms in the presence of an EWFA (top) and EWFB (bottom). GEMS Description GEMS stands for GNSS Environment Monitoring Station. It is a software-based solution developed by Thales Alenia Space aiming at assessing the quality of GNSS measurements. GEMS is composed of a signal processing module featuring error identification and characterization functions, called GEA, as well as a complete graphical user interface (see online version of this article for an example screenshot) and database management. The GEA module embeds the entire signal processing function suite required to build all the GNSS observables often used for signal quality monitoring (SQM). The GEA module is a set of C/C++ software routines based on innovative-graphics-processing-unit (GPU) parallel computing, allowing the processing of a large quantity of data very quickly. It can operate seamlessly on a desktop or a laptop computer while adjusting its processing capabilities to the processing power made available by the platform on which it is installed. The GEA signal-processing module is multi-channel, multi-constellation, and supports both real-time- and post-processing of GNSS samples produced by an RF front end. GEMS, which is compatible with many RF front ends, was used with a commercial GNSS data-acquisition system. The equipment was configured to acquire GNSS signals at the L1 frequency, with a sampling rate of 25 MHz. The digitized signals were provided in real time to GEMS using a USB link. From the acquired samples, GEMS performed signal acquisition and tracking, autocorrelation function (ACF) calculation and display, and C/N0 measurements. All these figures of merit were then logged in text files. EWF Observation Several experiments were carried out using both static and kinematic scenarios with GPS and Galileo signals. GPS L1 C/A. The first experiment was intended to validate Navys’ capability of generating state-of-the-art EWFs on GPS L1 C/A signals. It aimed at verifying that the distortion models largely characterized in the literature for the GPS L1 C/A are correctly emulated by Navys. EWFA, static scenario. In this scenario, Navys is configured to generate two GPS L1 C/A signals using two separate RF channels. The same PRN code was used on both channels, and a numerical frequency transposition was carried out to translate the signals to baseband. One signal was affected by a type A EWF, with a lag of 171 nanoseconds, and the other one was EWF free. Next, its amplified output was plugged into an oscilloscope. The EWFA effect is easily seen as the faulty signal falling edge occurs later than the EWF-free signal, while their rising edges are still synchronous. However, the PRN code chips are distorted from their theoretical versions as the Navys integrates a second-order high pass filter at its output, meant to avoid unwanted DC emissions. The faulty signal falling edge should occur approximately 0.17 microseconds later than the EWF-free signal falling edge. A spectrum analyzer was used to verify, from a spectral point of view, that the EWFA generation feature of Navys was correct. For this experiment, Navys was configured to generate a GPS L1 C/A signal at the L1 frequency, and Navys output was plugged into the spectrum analyzer input. Three different GPS L1 C/A signals are included: the spectrum of an EWF-free signal, the spectrum of a signal affected by an EWF type A, where the lag is set to 41.1 nanoseconds, and the spectrum of a signal affected by an EWF type A, where the lag is set to 171 nanoseconds. As expected, the initial BPSK(1) signal is distorted and spikes appear every 1 MHz. The spike amplitude increases with the lag. EWFA, dynamic scenario. In a second experiment, Navys was configured to generate only one fault-free GPS L1 C/A signal at RF. The RF output was plugged into the GEMS RF front end, and acquisition was launched. One minute later, an EWFA distortion, with a lag of 21 samples (about 171 nanoseconds at 120 times f0, where f0 equals 1.023 MHz), was activated from the Navys interface. FIGURE 3 shows the code-phase measurement made by GEMS. Although the scenario was static in terms of propagation delay, the code-phase measurement linearly decreases over time. This is because the Navys and GEMS clocks are independent and are drifting with respect to each other. FIGURE 3. GEMS code-phase measurements on GPS L1 C/A signal, EWFA dynamic scenario. The second observation is that the introduction of the EWFA induced, as expected, a bias in the measurement. If one removes the clock drifts, the bias is estimated to be 0.085 chips (approximately 25 meters). According to theory, an EWFA induces a bias equal to half the lead or lag value. A value of 171 nanoseconds is equivalent to about 50 meters. FIGURE 4 represents the ACFs computed by GEMS during the scenario. It appears that when the EWFA is enabled, the autocorrelation function is flattened at its top, which is typical of EWFA distortions. Eventually, FIGURE 5 showed that the EWFA also results in a decrease of the measured C/N0, which is completely coherent with the flattened correlation function obtained when EWFA is on. FIGURE 4. GEMS ACF computation on GPS L1 C/A signal, EWFA dynamic scenario. FIGURE 5. GEMS C/N0 measurement on GPS L1 C/A signal, EWFA dynamic scenario. Additional analysis has been conducted with Matlab to confirm Navys’ capacity. A GPS signal acquisition and tracking routine was modified to perform coherent accumulation of GPS signals. This operation is meant to extract the signal out of the noise, and to enable observation of the code chips. After Doppler and code-phase estimation, the signal is post-processed and 1,000 signal periods are accumulated. The result, shown in FIGURE 6, confronts fault-free (blue) and EWFA-affected (red) code chips. Again, the lag of 171 nanoseconds is clearly observed. The analysis concludes with FIGURE 7, which shows the fault-free (blue) and the faulty (red) signal spectra. Again, the presence of spikes in the faulty spectrum is characteristic of EWFA. FIGURE 6. Fault-free vs. EWFA GPS L1 C/A signal. FIGURE 7. Fault-free vs. EWFA GPS L1 C/A signal power spectrum density. EWFB, static scenario. The same experiments as for EWFA were conducted for EWFB. Fault-free and faulty (EWFB with a resonance frequency of 8 MHz and a damping factor of 7 MHz) signals were simultaneously generated and observed using an oscilloscope and a spectrum analyzer. The baseband temporal signal undergoes the same default as that of the EWFA because of the Navys high-pass filter. However, the oscillations induced by the EWFB are clearly observed. The spectrum distortion induced by the EWFB at the L1 frequency is amplified around 8 MHz, which is consistent with the applied failure. EWFB, dynamic scenario. Navys was then configured to generate one fault-free GPS L1 C/A signal at RF. The RF output was plugged into the GEMS RF front end, and acquisition was launched. One minute later, an EWFB distortion with a resonance frequency of 4 MHz and a damping factor of 2 MHz was applied. As for the EWFA experiments, the GEMS measurements were analyzed to verify the correct application of the failure. The code-phase measurements, illustrated in FIGURE 8, show again that the Navys and GEMS clocks are drifting with respect to each other. Moreover, it is clear that the application of the EWFB induced a bias of about 5.2 meters on the code-phase measurement. One should notice that this bias depends upon the chip spacing used for tracking. Matlab simulations were run considering the same chip spacing as for GEMS, and similar tracking biases were observed. FIGURE 8. GEMS code-phase measurements on GPS L1 C/A signal, EWFB dynamic scenario. FIGURE 9 shows the ACF produced by GEMS. During the first minute, the ACF looks like a filtered L1 C/A correlation function. Afterward, undulations distort the correlation peak. FIGURE 9. GEMS ACF computation on GPS L1 C/A signal, EWFB dynamic scenario. Again, additional analysis has been conducted with Matlab, using a GPS signal acquisition and tracking routine. A 40-second accumulation enabled comparison of the faulty and fault-free code chips. FIGURE 10 shows that the faulty code chips are affected by undulations with a period of 244 nanoseconds, which is consistent with the 4 MHz resonance frequency. This temporal signal was then used to compute the spectrum, as shown in FIGURE 11. The figure shows well that the faulty L1 C/A spectrum (red) secondary lobes are raised up around the EWFB resonance frequency, compared to the fault-free L1 C/A spectrum (blue). FIGURE 10. Fault-free vs EWFB GPS L1 C/A signal.   FIGURE 11. Fault-free vs EWFB GPS L1 C/A signal power spectrum density. Galileo E1 CBOC(6, 1, 1/11). In the second part of the experiments, Navys was configured to generate the Galileo E1 Open Service (OS) signal instead of the GPS L1 C/A signal. The goal was to assess the impact of EWs on such a modernized signal. EWFA, static scenario. First, the same Galileo E1 BC signal was generated using two different Navys channels. One was affected by EWFA, and the other was not. The spectra of the obtained signals were observed using a spectrum analyzer. The spectrum of the signal produced by the fault-free channel shows the BOC(1,1) main lobes, around 1 MHz, and the weaker BOC(6,1) main lobes, around 6 MHz. The power spectrum of the signal produced by the EWFA channel has a lag of 5 samples at 120 times f0 (40 nanoseconds). Again, spikes appear at intervals of f0, which is consistent with theory. The signal produced by the same channel, but with a lag set to 21 samples (171.07 nanoseconds) was also seen. Such a lag should not be experienced on CBOC(6,1,1/11) signals as this lag is longer than the BOC(6,1) subcarrier half period (81 nanoseconds). This explains the fact that the BOC(6,1) lobes do not appear anymore in the spectrum. EWFB, static scenario. The same experiments as for EWFA were conducted for EWFB. Fault-free and faulty (EWFB with a resonance frequency of 8 MHz and a damping factor of 7 MHz) signals were simultaneously generated and observed using the spectrum analyzer. The spectrum distortion induced by the EWFB at the E1 frequency was evident. The spectrum is amplified around 8 MHz, which is consistent with the applied failure. EWFA, dynamic scenario. The same scenario as for the GPS L1 C/A signal was run with the Galileo E1 signal: first, for a period of one minute, a fault-free signal was generated, followed by a period of one minute with the faulty signal. GEMS was switched on and acquired and tracked the two-minute-long signal. Its code-phase measurements, shown in FIGURE 12, reveal a tracking bias of 6.2 meters. This is consistent with theory, where the set lag is equal to 40 nanoseconds (12.0 meters). GEMS-produced ACFs show the distortion of the correlation function in FIGURE 13. The distortion is hard to observe because the applied lag is small. FIGURE 12. GEMS code-phase measurements on Galileo E1 pilot signal, EWFA dynamic scenario. FIGURE 13. GEMS ACF computation on Galileo E1 pilot signal, EWFA dynamic scenario. A modified version of the GPS signal acquisition and tracking Matlab routine was used to acquire and track the Galileo signal. It was configured to accumulate 50 seconds of fault-free signal and 50 seconds of a faulty signal. This operation enables seeing the signal in the time domain, as in FIGURE 14. Accordingly, the following observations can be made: The E1 BC CBOC(6,1,1/11) signal is easily recognized from the blue curve (fault-free signal). The EWFA effect is also seen on the BOC(1,1) and BOC(6,1) parts. The observed lag is consistent with the scenario (five samples at 120 times f0 ≈ 0.04 chips). The lower part of the BOC(6,1) seems absent from the red signal. Indeed, the application of the distortion divided the duration of these lower parts by a factor of two, and so multiplied their Fourier representation by two. Therefore, the corresponding main lobes should be located around 12 MHz. At the receiver level, the digitization is being performed at 25 MHz; this signal is close to the Shannon frequency and is therefore filtered by the anti-aliasing filter. FIGURE 14. Fault-free vs EWFA Galileo E1 signal. The power spectrum densities of the obtained signals were then computed. FIGURE 15 shows the CBOC(6,1,1/11) fault-free signal in blue and the faulty CBOC(6,1,1/11) signal, with the expected spikes separated by 1.023 MHz. FIGURE 15. Fault-free vs. EWFA Galileo E1 signal power spectrum density. It is noteworthy that the EWFA has been applied to the entire E1 OS signal, which is B (data component) minus C (pilot component). EWFA could also affect exclusively the data or the pilot channel. Although such an experiment was not conducted during our research, Navys is capable of generating EWFA on the data component, the pilot component, or both. EWFB, dynamic scenario. In this scenario, after one minute of a fault-free signal, an EWFB, with a resonance frequency of 4 MHz and a damping factor of 2 MHz, was activated. The GEMS code-phase measurements presented in FIGURE 16 show that the EWFB induces a tracking bias of 2.8 meters. As for GPS L1 C/A signals, it is to be noticed that the bias induced by EWFB depends upon the receiver characteristics and more particularly the chip spacing used for tracking. FIGURE 16. GEMS code-phase measurements on Galileo E1 pilot signal, EWFB dynamic scenario. The GEMS produced ACFs are represented in FIGURE 17. After one minute, the characteristic EWFB undulations appear on the ACF. FIGURE 17. GEMS ACF computation on Galileo E1 pilot signal, EWFB dynamic scenario. In this case, signal accumulation was also performed to observe the impact of EWFB on Galileo E1 BC signals. The corresponding representation in the time domain is provided in FIGURE 18, while the Fourier domain representation is provided in FIGURE 19. From both points of view, the application of EWFB is compliant with theoretical models. The undulations observed on the signal are coherent with the resonance frequency (0.25 MHz ≈ 0.25 chips), and the spectrum also shows the undulations (the red spectrum is raised up around 4 MHz). FIGURE 18. Fault-free vs EWFB Galileo E1 signal. FIGURE 19. Fault-free vs. EWFB Galileo E1 signal power spectrum density. Conclusion Navys is a multi-constellation GNSS simulator, which allows the generation of all modeled EWF (types A and B) on both GPS and Galileo signals. Indeed, the Navys design makes the EWF application independent of the signal modulation and carrier frequency. The International Civil Aviation Organization model has been adapted to Galileo signals, and the correct application of the failure modes has been verified through RF simulations. The theoretical effects of EWF types A and B on waveforms, spectra, autocorrelation functions and code-phase measurements have been confirmed through these simulations. For a given lag value, the tracking biases induced by type A EWF distortions are equal on GPS and Galileo signals, which is consistent with theory. Eventually, for a given resonance frequency-damping factor combination, the type B EWF distortions induce a tracking bias of about 5.2 meters on GPS L1 C/A measurements and only 2.8 meters on Galileo E1 C measurements. This is mainly due to the fact that the correlator tracking spacing was reduced for Galileo signal tracking (± 0.15 chips instead of ± 0.5 chips). (Additional figures showing oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer screenshots of experimental results are available in the online version of this article.) Acknowledgments This article is based on the paper “Generating Evil WaveForms on Galileo Signals using NAVYS” presented at the 6th ESA Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technologies and the European Workshop on GNSS Signals and Signal Processing, Navitec 2012, held in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, December 5–7, 2012. Manufacturers In addition to the Navys simulator, the experiments used a Saphyrion sagl GDAS-1 GNSS data acquisition system, a Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG RTO1004 digital oscilloscope, and a Rohde & Schwarz FSW26 signal and spectrum analyzer. MATHIEU RAIMONDI is currently a GNSS systems engineer at Thales Alenia Space France (TAS-F). He received a Ph.D. in signal processing from the University of Toulouse (France) in 2008. ERIC SENANT is a senior navigation engineer at TAS-F. He graduated from the Ecole Nationale d’Aviation Civile (ENAC), Toulouse, in 1997. CHARLES FERNET is the technical manager of GNSS system studies in the transmission, payload and receiver group of the navigation engineering department of the TAS-F navigation business unit. He graduated from ENAC in 2000. RAPHAEL PONS is currently a GNSS systems engineering consultant at Thales Services in France. He graduated as an electronics engineer in 2012 from ENAC. HANAA AL BITAR is currently a GNSS systems engineer at TAS-F. She graduated as a telecommunications and networks engineer from the Lebanese Engineering School of Beirut in 2002 and received her Ph.D. in radionavigation in 2007 from ENAC, in the field of GNSS receivers. FRANCISCO AMARILLO FERNANDEZ received his Master’s degree in telecommunication engineering from the Polytechnic University of Madrid. In 2001, he joined the European Space Agency’s technical directorate, and since then he has worked for the Galileo program and leads numerous research activities in the field of GNSS evolution. MARC WEYER is currently working as the product manager in ELTA, Toulouse, for the GNSS simulator and recorder.   Additional Images GEMS graphical interface. Observation of EWF type A on GPS L1 C/A signal with an oscilloscope. Impact of EWF A on GPS L1 C/A signal spectrum for 0 (green), 41 (black), and 171 (blue) nanosecond lag. Observation of EWF type A on GPS L1 C/A signal with an oscilloscope. Impact of EWF B on GPS L1 C/A signal spectrum for fd = 8 MHz and σ = 7 MHz. Impact of EWF A on Galileo E1 BC signal spectrum for 0 (green), 40 (black), and 171 (blue) nanosecond lag. Navys hardware equipment – Blackline edition. Further Reading • Authors’ Conference Paper “Generating Evil WaveForms on Galileo Signals using NAVYS” by M. Raimondi, E. Sénant, C. Fernet, R. Pons, and H. AlBitar in Proceedings of Navitec 2012, the 6th ESA Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technologies and the European Workshop on GNSS Signals and Signal Processing, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, December 5–7, 2012, 8 pp., doi: 10.1109/NAVITEC.2012.6423071. • Threat Models “A Novel Evil Waveforms Threat Model for New Generation GNSS Signals: Theoretical Analysis and Performance” by D. Fontanella, M. Paonni, and B. Eissfeller in Proceedings of Navitec 2010, the 5th ESA Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technologies, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, December 8–10, 2010, 8 pp., doi: 10.1109/NAVITEC.2010.5708037. “Estimation of ICAO Threat Model Parameters For Operational GPS Satellites” by A.M. Mitelman, D.M. Akos, S.P. Pullen, and P.K. Enge in Proceedings of ION GPS 2002, the 15th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Portland, Oregon, September 24–27, 2002, pp. 12–19. • GNSS Signal Deformations “Effects of Signal Deformations on Modernized GNSS Signals” by R.E. Phelts and D.M. Akos in Journal of Global Positioning Systems, Vol. 5, No. 1–2, 2006, 9 pp. “Robust Signal Quality Monitoring and Detection of Evil Waveforms” by R.E. Phelts, D.M. Akos, and P. Enge in Proceedings of ION GPS-2000, the 13th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Salt Lake City, Utah, September 19–22, 2000, pp. 1180–1190. “A Co-operative Anomaly Resolution on PRN-19” by C. Edgar, F. Czopek, and B. Barker in Proceedings of ION GPS-99, the 12th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Nashville, Tennessee, September 14–17, 1999, pp. 2269–2271. • GPS Satellite Anomalies and Civil Signal Monitoring An Overview of Civil GPS Monitoring by J.W. Lavrakas, a presentation to the Southern California Section of The Institute of Navigation at The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, California, March 31, 2005. • Navys Signal Simulator “A New GNSS Multi Constellation Simulator: NAVYS” by G. Artaud, A. de Latour, J. Dantepal, L. Ries, N. Maury, J.-C. Denis, E. Senant, and T. Bany in  Proceedings of ION GPS 2010, the 23rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Portland, Oregon, September 21–24, 2010, pp. 845–857. “Design, Architecture and Validation of a New GNSS Multi Constellation Simulator : NAVYS” by G. Artaud, A. de Latour, J. Dantepal, L. Ries, J.-L. Issler, J. Tournay, O. Fudulea, J.-M. Aymes, N. Maury, J.-P. Julien , V. Dominguez, E. Senant, and M. Raimondi in  Proceedings of ION GPS 2009, the 22nd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Savannah, Georgia, September 22–25, 2009, pp. 2934–2941.

cell phone jamming kits

Vtech s004lu0750040(1)ac adapter 7.5vdc 3w -(+) 2.5x5.5mm round,toshiba pa2478u ac dc adapter 18v 1.7a laptop power supply,olympus a511 ac adapter 5vdc 2a power supply for ir-300 camera,ault pw15ae0600b03 ac adapter 5.9vdc 2000ma used 1.2x3.3mm power.dell lite on la65ns2-01 ac adapter 19.5vdc 3.34a used -(+) pin,verifone nu12-2120100-i1 ac adapter 12v 1a used -(+)- 2.5 x5.5mm.gateway liteon pa-1900-15 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used.computer rooms or any other government and military office,ceiva e-awb100-050a ac adapter +5vdc 2a used -(+) 2x5.5mm digita.rd1200500-c55-8mg ac adapter 12vdc 500ma used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm rou.oem ads1618-1305-w 0525 ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a used -(+) 3x5.5x11.,jhs-e02ab02-w08a ac adapter 5v 12vdc 2a used 6pin din power supp.compaq pa-1071-19c ac adapter 18.5v dc 3.8a power supply.the signal must be < – 80 db in the locationdimensions,samsung atadm10cbc ac adapter 5v 0.7a usb travel charger cell ph.ault inc mw128bra1265n01 ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a used shield cut w.hipro hp-a0301r3 ac adapter 19vdc 1.58a -(+) 1.5x5.5mm used roun.t41-9-0450d3 ac adapter 9vvdc 450ma -(+) used 1.2x5.3 straight r,nokia ac-10u ac adapter 5vdc 1200ma used micro usb cell phone ch,the jammer is portable and therefore a reliable companion for outdoor use.kodak k4500-c+i ni-mh rapid batteries charger 2.4vdc 1.2a origin,sp12 ac adapter 12vdc 300ma used 2 pin razor class 2 power suppl,grundig nt473 ac adapter 3.1vdc 0.35a 4vdc 0.60a charging unit l.tiger power tg-4201-15v ac adapter 15vdc 3a -(+) 2x5.5mm 45w 100,speed-tech 7501sd-5018a-ul ac adapter 5vdc 180ma used cell phone,code-a-phonedv-9500-1 ac adapter 10v 500ma power supply.dual band 900 1800 mobile jammer,artesyn ssl40-3360 ac adapter +48vdc 0.625a used 3pin din power,philips tc21m-1402 ac adapter 5-59vdc 35w 25w used db9 connecto,dell ha65ns5-00 19.5v 3.34ma 65w ac adapter 4.8x7.3mm used.1800 to 1950 mhztx frequency (3g),it is a device that transmit signal on the same frequency at which the gsm system operates.elpac mw2412 ac adapter 12vdc 2a 24w used -(+) 2.3x5.5x9.7mm ite,eps f10903-0 ac adapter 12vdc 6.6a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm 100-240v.ibm 02k6750 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a used 2.5x5.5mm 100-240vac roun,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,thomson 5-2752 telephone recharge cradle with 7.5v 150ma adapter,li shin 0317a19135 ac adapter 19vdc 7.1a used -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-2,panasonic re7-05 class 2 shaver adapter 12v 500ma.9 v block battery or external adapter,hon-kwang hk-u-120a015-us ac adapter 12vdc 0-0.5a used -(+)- 2x5,apdwa-24e12fu ac adapter 12vdc 2a-(+) 2x5.5mm used round barre,the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque,hppa-1121-12h ac adapter 18.5vdc 6.5a 2.5x5.5mm -(+) used 100-.jabra acw003b-05u ac adapter used 5vdc 0.18a usb connector wa,dse12-050200 ac adapter 5vdc 1.2a charger power supply archos gm.sy-1216 ac adapter 12vac 1670ma used ~(~) 2x5.5x10mm round barre,i can say that this circuit blocks the signals but cannot completely jam them.ibm 12j1447 ac adapter 16v dc 2.2a power supply 4pin for thinkpa,powerbox ma15-120 ac adapter 12vdc 1.25a -(+) used 2.5x5.5mm.group west trc-12-0830 ac adapter 12vdc 10.83a direct plug in po,hp compaq pa-1900-15c2 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a desktop power supp.this will set the ip address 192.canon cb-2ly battery charger for canon nb-6l li-ion battery powe.

Lei mt12-y090100-a1 ac adapter 9vdc 1a used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm round,lenovo 92p1105 ac dc adapter 20v 4.5a 90w laptop power supply,cui inc 3a-161wu06 ac adapter 6vdc 2.5a used -(+) 2x5.4mm straig,2wire gpusw0512000cd0s ac adapter 5.1vdc 2a desktop power supply.ktec ksaff1200200w1us ac adapter 12vdc 2a used -(+)- 2x5.3x10mm,hp 463554-001 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used -(+)- 1x5x7.5x12.7mm,rocketfish rf-rzr90 ac adapter dc 5v 0.6a power supply charger,kodak asw0502 5e9542 ac adapter 5vdc 2a -(+) 1.7x4mm 125vac swit,verifone sm09003a ac adapter 9.3vdc 4a used -(+) 2x5.5x11mm 90°.you can get full command list from us.when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition.energy ea1060a fu1501 ac adapter 12-17vdc 4.2a used 4x6.5x12mm r.air-shields elt68-1 ac adapter 120v 0.22a 60hz 2-pin connector p,dell adp-50hh ac adapter 19vdc 2.64a used 0.5x5x7.5x12mm round b,fujitsu seb100p2-19.0 ac adapter 19vdc 4.22a -(+) used 2.5x5.5mm,new bright a871200105 ac adapter 24vdc 200ma used 19.2v nicd bat,programmable load shedding.the number of mobile phone users is increasing with each passing day.nikon eh-63 ac dc adapter 4.8vdc 1.5a charger power supply for n,the jammer covers all frequencies used by mobile phones.ka12d120015024u ac travel adapter 12vdc 150ma used 3.5 x 15mm,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,channex tcr ac adapter 5.1vdc 120ma used 0.6x2.5x10.3mm round ba,high power hpa-602425u1 ac adapter 24vdc 2.2a power supply,12 v (via the adapter of the vehicle´s power supply)delivery with adapters for the currently most popular vehicle types (approx.condor ps146 100-0086-001b ac adapter 17vctac 0.7a used 4pin atx.sony ac-l200 ac adapter 8.4vdc 1.7a camcorder power supply,samsung api-208-98010 ac adapter 12vdc 3a cut wire power supply,condor 3a-181db12 12v dc 1.5a -(+)- 2x5.4mm used ite switch-mode.dr. wicom phone lab pl-2000 ac adapter 12vdc 1.2a used 2x6x11.4m.energizer pc14uk battery charger aa aaa,wowson wde-101cdc ac adapter 12vdc 0.8a used -(+)- 2.5 x 5.4 x 9.which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers.cisco adp-20gb ac adapter 5vdc 3a 34-0853-02 8pin din power supp,this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,nec adp52 ac adapter 19vdc 2.4a 3pin new 100-240vac genuine pow,deer ad1812g ac adapter 10 13.5vdc 1.8a -(+)- 2x5.5mm 90° power.the best-quality chlorine resistant xtra life power lycra,dve dsa-31s fus 5050 ac adapter+5v dc 0.5a new -(+) 1.4x3.4x9.,cambridge soundworks tead-66-132500u ac adapter 13.5vdc 2.5a.automatic telephone answering machine.hi capacity ac-c10 le 9702a 06 ac adapter 19vdc 3.79a 3.79a 72w,viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available.jentec ah-1212-b ac adatper 12v dc 1a -(+)- 2 x 5.5 x 9.5 mm str,vertex nc-77c two way radio charger with kw-1207 ac adapter 12v.toshiba pa3378e-2aca ac adapter 15vdc 5a used -(+)- 3x6.5mm.d-link van90c-480b ac adapter 48vdc 1.45a -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-240va,3500g size：385 x 135 x 50mm warranty：one year.li shin lse9802a2060 ac adapter 20vdc 3a 60w used -(+) 2.1x5.5mm,philips 4203 030 77990 ac adapter 1.6v dc 80ma charger,nec pa-1700-02 ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a 65w switching power supply.hp 0950-4488 ac adapter 31v dc 2420ma used 2x5mm -(+)- ite power,kyocera txtvl10101 ac adapter 5vdc 0.35a used travel charger ite,hp nsw23579 ac adapter 19vdc 1.58a 30w ppp018l mini hstnn-170c 1.

3g network jammer and bluetooth jammer area with unlimited distance,acbel wa9008 ac adapter 5vdc 1.5a -(+)- 1.1x3.5mm used 7.5w roun.we are providing this list of projects,ault 308-1054t ac adapter 16v ac 16va used plug-in class 2 trans,5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink.milwaukee 48-59-1812 dual battery charger used m18 & m12 lithium,m2297p ac car adapter phone charger used 0.6x3.1x7.9cm 90°right,dtmf controlled home automation system.sony ac-l25b ac adapter 8.4vdc 1.7a 3 pin connector charger swit,icc-5-375-8890-01 ac adapter 5vdc .75w used -(+)2x5.5mm batter,we would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range.cyber acoustics ac-8 ca rgd-4109-750 ac adapter 9vdc 750ma +(-)+,the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,1800 to 1950 mhz on dcs/phs bands,samsung atadv10jbe ac adapter 5v dc 0.7a charger cellphone power,biosystems 54-05-a0204 ac adapter 9vdc 1a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 12. gps signal blocker ,ibm pa-1121-07ii ac adapter 16vdc 7.5a 4pin female power supply,our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations.acbel api3ad25 ac adapter 19vdc 7.9a used -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-240va,this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,muld3503400 ac adapter 3vdc 400ma used -(+) 0.5x2.3x9.9mm 90° ro,the continuity function of the multi meter was used to test conduction paths.reverse polarity protection is fitted as standard.oem ads18b-w 220082 ac adapter 22vdc 818ma used -(+)- 3x6.5mm it,motorola psm4940c ac adapter 5.9vdc 400ma used -(+) 2 pin usb,a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals.110 to 240 vac / 5 amppower consumption.410906003ct ac adapter 9vdc 600ma db9 & rj11 dual connector.the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator,powerup g54-41244 universal notebook ac adapter 90w 20v 24v 4.5a,replacement dc359a ac adapter 18.5v 3.5a used 2.3x5.5x10.1mm,airspan pwa-024060g ac adapter 6v dc 4a charger,golden power gp-lt120v300-ip44 ac adapter 12v 0.3a 3.6w cut wire,ac adapter 4.5v 9.5v cell phone power supply.eng epa-301dan-12 12vdc 2.5a switch-mode power supply,sl power ba5011000103r charger 57.6vdc 1a 2pin 120vac fits cub,thus it was possible to note how fast and by how much jamming was established.delta adp-65jh ab 19vdc 3.42a 65w used -(+)- 4.2x6mm 90° degree.ibm adp-30fb 04h6197 ac dc adapter 16v 1.88a 04h6136 charger pow,mobile jammer india deals in portable mobile jammer,now today we will learn all about wifi jammer.ppp003sd replacement ac adapter 18.5v 6.5a power supply oval pin,41-9-450d ac adapter 12vdc 500ma used -(+) 2x5.5x10mm round barr.motorola psm4963b ac adapter 5vdc 800ma cellphone charger power.kensington 38004 ac adapter 0-24vdc 0-6.5a 120w used 2.5x5.5x12m.usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use,yu060045d2 ac adapter 6vdc 450ma used plug in class 2 power supp,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range.ault pw125ra0503f02 ac adapter 5v dc 5a used 2.5x5.5x9.7mm,southwestern bell freedom phone 9a300u ac adapter 9vac 300ma.designed for high selectivity and low false alarm are implemented,switchbox lte24e-s1-1 ac adapter 5vdc 4a 20w used -(+)- 1.2 x 3.,with its highest output power of 8 watt.

– active and passive receiving antennaoperating modes,netgear dsa-9r-05 aus ac adapter 7.5vdc 1a -(+) 1.2x3.5mm 120vac.leadman powmax ky-05048s-29 ac adapter 29vdc lead-acid battery c,panasonic cf-aa1526 m3 ac adapter 15.1vdc 2.6a used pscv390101,high efficiency matching units and omnidirectional antenna for each of the three bandstotal output power 400 w rmscooling,47µf30pf trimmer capacitorledcoils 3 turn 24 awg,hp hp-ok65b13 ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a used -(+) 1.5x4.7x11mm rou.netmask is used to indentify the network address.co star a4820100t ac adapter 20v ac 1a 35w power supply,li shin emachines 0225c1965 ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a notebookpow,apple macintosh m7778 powerbook duo 24v 1.04a battery recharher.the second type of cell phone jammer is usually much larger in size and more powerful,readynet e200k homeplug ethernet adapter used 200mbps connectivi,depending on the already available security systems.lg lcap07f ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+) 4.4x6.5mm straight roun.when vt600 anti- jamming car gps tracker detects gsm jammer time continue more than our present time,1920 to 1980 mhzsensitivity,dell adp-90ah b ac adapter c8023 19.5v 4.62a power supply.recoton ad300 adapter universal power supply multi voltage,gsp gscu1500s012v18a ac adapter 12vdc 1.5a used -(+) 2x5.5x10mm.compaq pa-1600-02 ac adapter 19vdc 3.16a used 2 x 4.8 x 10mm,nokia acp-12u ac adapter 5.7vdc 800ma used 1x3.5mm cellphone 35,zener diodes and gas discharge tubes,.

2022/02/16 by JfZTt_fZmc@gmx.com

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