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By Cillian O’Driscoll, Gérard Lachapelle, and Mohamed Tamazin, University of Calgary The impact of adding GLONASS to HS-GPS is assessed using a software receiver operating in an actual urban canyon environment. Results are compared with standard and high sensitivity GNSS receivers and show a significant improvement in the availability of position solutions when GLONASS is added. An assisted high sensitivity receiver architecture is introduced which enables high fidelity signal measurements even in degraded environments. High-sensitivity (HS) GNSS receivers have flourished in the last decade. A variety of advances in signal-processing techniques and technologies have led to a thousandfold decrease in the minimum useable signal power, permitting use of GNSS, in particular GPS, in many environments where it was previously impossible. Despite these recent advances, the issue of availability remains: in many scenarios there are simply too few satellites in view with detectable signals and a good geometry to compute a position solution. Of course, one way to improve this situation is to increase the number of satellites in view. GLONASS has been undergoing an accelerated revitalization program of late, such that there are currently more than 20 active GLONASS satellites on orbit. The combined use of GPS and GLONASS in a high-sensitivity receiver is a logical one, providing a near two-thirds increase in the number of satellites available for use. The urban canyon environment is one in which the issue of signal availability is particularly important. The presence of large buildings leads to frequent shadowing of signals, which can only be overcome by increasing the number of satellites in the sky. Even if sufficient satellites are visible, the geometric dilution of precision can often be large, leading to large errors in position. This work focuses on the advantages of using a combined GPS/GLONASS receiver in comparison to a GPS-only receiver in urban canyons. The target application is location-based services, so only single frequency (L1) operation is considered. We collected and assessed vehicular kinematic data in a typical North American urban canyon, using a commercially available high-sensitivity GPS-only receiver, a commercial survey-grade GPS/GLONASS receiver, and a state-of-the-art software receiver capable of processing both GPS and GLONASS in standard or high-sensitivity modes. Processing Strategies The standard (scalar-tracking) GNSS receiver architecture is shown in Figure 1. In the context of this article, the key characteristic of a standard receiver is that the signals from the different satellites are each tracked in parallel and independent tracking channels, and usually only three correlators are used. The information from the channels is only combined in the navigation filter to estimate position, velocity, and time. In this way, there is no sharing of information between channels in order to attempt to improve tracking performance. Figure 1. Standard receiver architecture (courtesy Petovello et al). Within each channel, the down-converted and filtered samples from the front end (not shown in Figure 1) are then passed to a signal-processing function where Doppler-removal (baseband mixing) and correlation (de-spreading) is performed. The correlator outputs are then passed to an error-determination function consisting of discriminators (typically one for code, frequency, and phase) and loop filters. The loop filters aim to remove noise from the discriminator outputs without affecting the desired signal. Finally, the local signal generators — whose output is used during Doppler removal and correlation — are updated using the loop-filter output. Assisted HS GNSS Receiver. The assisted HS GNSS receiver architecture used in this work is shown in Figure 2. Notable differences to the standard receiver architecture are highlighted in red. Figure 2. Assisted high-sensitivity receiver architecture. Assistance information is provided in the form of broadcast ephemerides, raw data bits, and a nominal trajectory (position and velocity) that would normally be generated by the receiver. At each measurement epoch, the receiver uses the nominal position and velocity in conjunction with the ephemerides to compute the nominal pseudorange and pseudorange rate for each satellite in view. These parameters are passed to the signal-processing channels. Each channel evaluates a grid of correlators around the nominal pseudorange (code) and pseudorange rate (Doppler) values. The data bits are wiped off using the assistance information to permit long coherent integration times. For each signal tracked, the correlator grid is used to estimate code and Doppler offsets relative to the nominal values. These estimates are then used to generate accurate pseudorange and Doppler estimates. The number of correlators used and the spacing of these correlators in the code and frequency domains are completely configurable. A sample correlation grid computed during live data processing is illustrated in Figure 3. Measurements are generated by choosing the three correlators nearest the peak in the search space and using a quadratic fit to determine a better estimate of the peak location. In this work, a total of 55 correlators per channel were used. Figure 3. Sample grid of correlator points computed for GPS PRN 04. The assisted HS receiver is initialized in static mode in an open-sky setting during which reliable clock bias and drift estimates are derived. A high-quality oven-controlled crystal oscillator was used during this initial test to ensure that the clock drift did not change significantly over the period of the test (approximately 20 minutes). The clock bias during the test is updated using the clock drift estimate. Note that this architecture is a generalization of the vector-based architecture, where the navigation solution used to aid the signal processing can be provided by an external reference. Navigation Solution Processing. All navigation solution results presented here are obtained in single-point mode using an epoch-by-epoch least-squares solution with the PLAN Group C3NavG2 software, which uses both code and Doppler measurements. This processing strategy enables a fair comparison amongst the different signal processing strategies, as the smoothing effect of specific navigation filters is eliminated by this approach. More realistic accuracy estimates of the measured pseudoranges can be obtained. It is understood that in an operational environment, a well-tuned filter will obtain significantly better navigation performance than the epoch-by-epoch solutions presented here. The measurements are weighted using a standard-elevation-dependent scheme. Thus there is no attempt to tune the weighting scheme for each receiver. Data Collection To test the relative performance of the various processing strategies, we conducted a test in downtown Calgary. Data was collected using a commercial HS GPS receiver, a commercial survey grade GPS/GLONASS receiver, and an RF downconverter and digitizer. The digitized data was post-processed in two modes (standard and assisted HS GNSS) using the PLAN group software receiver GSNRx. Raw measurements were logged from each of the commercial receivers at a 1-second interval. The parameters used in GSNRx are given in Table 1. The trajectory followed is shown in Figure 4. The majority of the route was travelled in an East-West direction, with significant signal masking to the North and South. The Opening Photo shows an aerial view of downtown Calgary where the test took place. Masking angles exceeded 75 degrees along the vehicle trajectory. Figure 4. Test Trajectory where the route is approximately 4 km with a 10 minute travel time. A sky plot of the satellites visible above a 5-degree elevation mask at the test location is shown in Figure 5. A total of 11 GPS and seven GLONASS satellites were present. Figure 5. Skyplot of GPS and GLONASS satellites over Calgary at the start of the test. A static period of approximately three minutes duration was used to initialize the assisted HS GNSS processing. During this period, the vehicle had a largely clear view of the sky. Nevertheless, three satellites were blocked from view during this period, namely GPS SVs 13 and 3, and GLONASS SV 22. As a result, these SVs were not available for processing in the assisted HS GNSS mode. The two commercial receivers were already up and running prior to the initialization period and so were able to process these three low-elevation satellites when they came into view during the test. See PHOTO on next page for a typical scene during the downtown test. Analysis To study the impact of adding GLONASS, the analysis focuses on solution availability, the number of satellites used in each solution, the DOP associated with each solution, and the statistics of the least-squares solution residuals. In the absence of a reference solution, the statistics of the residuals nevertheless give a reasonable indication of the quality of the measurements used, provided sufficient measurements are available to ensure redundancy in the solution. Nevertheless, some pseudorange errors will be absorbed by the navigation solution, hence the statistics of the residuals can be viewed as only a good estimate of the quality of the measurements themselves. Solution Availability. As previously discussed, the navigation processing strategy adopted is the same for all receivers used in the test. A single-point epoch-by-epoch least-squares solution is computed at a 1 Hz rate. If there are insufficient satellites in view at a given epoch, or the solution fails to converge in 10 iterations, no solution is computed. In this section, the analysis focuses on the percentage of epochs during the downtown portion of the test for which a solution was computed. Figure 6 shows the percentage of solutions computed for each receiver processing strategy as a function of HDOP and VDOP thresholds, respectively. Thus, for example, the assisted HS GPS-GLONASS processing strategy yielded navigation solutions with a HDOP less than 6 between 80 percent and 85 percent of the time. For larger DOP thresholds, it is clear that there is little difference between GPS-only processing and GPS+GLONASS processing. The biggest differences are caused by the processing strategies employed. The advantages of HS processing are clear, at least in terms of solution availability. For this test and the particular geometry of the satellites in view during the test, GPS+GLONASS processing does yield a noticeable improvement in the VDOP, particularly at lower thresholds. Figure 6A. Percentage solution availability versus HDOP threshold. Figure 6B. Percentage solution availability versus VDOP threshold. Note that the standalone HS GPS receiver exhibits greater solution availability than the assisted software HS GPS-GLONASS receiver at higher DOP thresholds. This is most likely due to the low-elevation satellites that were excluded from the assisted HS processing due to their being masked during the initialization period as discussed earlier. Overall, however, there is little difference between GPS-only processing and GPS-GLONASS processing in terms of solution availability. This fact, of course, does not yield any information on the quality of the solutions obtained, which is discussed later. To gain further insight into the impact of GLONASS, Figure 7 shows the percentage of solutions computed that exhibit redundancy. Thus, of all solutions computed during the downtown portion of the test, Figure 7 illustrates the percentage of those solutions that have redundant measurements. For GPS-only processing, this implies that five or more measurements were used in computing the position, while for GPS-GLONASS processing a minimum of six measurements were required. In this case, the advantage of using GLONASS becomes more apparent. For all processing strategies the addition of GLONASS yields an increase of 5 to 10 percent in the number of solutions with redundancy. Although not studied herein, this would have a positive impact on fault detection. Residuals Analysis To investigate the quality of the measurements generated by each processing strategy, the residuals from the least-squares solutions are studied. Only those epochs for which redundant solutions are computed are considered here, since non-redundant solutions lead to residuals with values of zero. As discussed above, the analysis of these residuals gives an estimate of the quality of the measurements generated. Figure 8 shows the histograms of the residuals from all GPS-GLONASS processing strategies. Once again, it is important to emphasize that only residuals from solutions with redundancy are considered. In addition, the results presented are limited to those epochs during which the vehicle was in the downtown portion of the test. For the purposes of this presentation an upper GDOP threshold of 10 was set. It is interesting to note that in all cases (assisted HS, standard wide correlator, and commercial survey-grade processing), the relative RMS values of the GPS and GLONASS residuals are about the same. These results indicate that, irrespective of the signal-processing strategy employed, the GLONASS measurements are of a similar quality to the GPS measurements. The number of residuals available is however different between the standard and HS solutions, as the latter produce more measurements and more redundant solutions, hence more residuals. The processing strategy obviously had a significant impact on the availability of redundant solutions as discussed in the previous section. Figure 8A. GPS-GLONASS range residuals comparison: assisted HS-GPS-GLONASS. RMS values and the percentage of solutions used in the histogram are also shown. Figure 8B. GPS-GLONASS range residuals comparison: standard wide correlator. RMS values and the percentage of solutions used in the histogram are also shown. Figure 8C. GPS-GLONASS range residuals comparison: survey-grade receiver. RMS values and the percentage of solutions used in the histogram are also shown. Figure 9 shows the histograms of the range residuals from GPS-only processing. In this case, the navigation solution is a GPS-only navigation solution, though in the case of the assisted HS receiver the measurements used are identical to those used in Figure 8. Clearly the assisted HS receiver has a greater availability of redundant solutions compared to the standalone receiver, which is to be expected. Also, the assisted HS GPS receiver residuals have a slighter lower RMS than when a GPS-GLONASS implementation was considered, indicating that the navigation solution absorbs more of the measurement errors in this case. Figure 9A. GPS range residuals comparison, assisted HS GPS. Figure 9B. GPS range residuals comparison, commercial standalone HS GPS. Position Domain Results The final stage of the analysis is a comparison of the trajectories computed using each of the receiver types. While no truth solution was available for this test, a highly filtered navigation solution from the high-sensitivity commercial receiver was used as a nominal reference. This trajectory is shown in black in the following figures. Figure 10 shows the trajectories obtained using standard wide-correlator processing. The position solutions are quite accurate, but the availability is low, namely of the order of 30 percent as shown above. The addition of GLONASS does improve the availability in this case. The accuracy is not significantly improved. In fact it appears that the addition of GLONASS occasionally leads to biases in the navigation solutions, likely solutions with high DOP values. Figure 10. Trajectory obtained with standard wide correlator processing. Figure 11 shows the trajectories computed using the commercial receivers. The survey-grade receiver yields less noisy positions, though the addition of GLONASS does lead to some significant outliers. The position availability is lower as discussed earlier. Similar to the standard wide-correlator processing case, the addition of GLONASS again appears to introduce an error in the solution during some epochs (for example, at a northing of about 500 meters between 100 and 500 meters easting). Figure 11. Trajectories obtained from the commercial receivers. Finally, Figure 12 shows the trajectories obtained from the assisted HS receiver. In this case, the position solutions are significantly less noisy than in previous cases, in addition to being more available. The quality of the GPS-only and GPS+GLONASS results is broadly similar, with perhaps more outliers in the GPS-GLONASS case, due to the reason mentioned earlier. Figure 12. Trajectories obtained using assisted HS GPS-GLONASS processing. In summary, it would appear that the greatest benefit of GLONASS in this test was in the provision of greater redundancy in the navigation solution, in addition to potential better reliability, although the latter remains to be confirmed. With GLONASS approaching full operational capability, it is to be expected that the increased GLONASS constellation will lead to further improvements in terms of availability, DOP, and reliability. Coherent Integration Time From the preceding analysis it is clear that the assisted HS GNSS processing strategy yielded the best performance. To evaluate the impact of the coherent integration time on performance, the data was re-processed with a coherent integration time of 300 milliseconds (ms), instead of the 100 ms used for the data presented so far. The resulting trajectories are shown in Figure 13. It is interesting to note that increasing the receiver sensitivity in this way does not yield better navigation performance. In fact, in the urban canyon environment, the major issue is not the signal attenuation (which can be overcome by increased coherent integration) but rather the multipath effect. By increasing the coherent integration time to 300 ms, the receiver becomes more sensitive to dynamics, resulting in poorer navigation performance. Figure 13. Trajectories obtained using assisted HS GPS-GLONASS processing (300 ms integration time). Discussion High-sensitivity processing in urban canyon environments is a very effective means of improving navigation performance. Given the discussion above, however, it is clear that the performance is not limited by the strength of the received signal, but rather by the effect of multipath and satellite geometry. The advantage of high-sensitivity processing in this case is two-fold. The first advantage over standard tracking techniques is the open-loop nature of HS processing. The time-varying nature of the multipath channel causes significant variation in signal level. This variation can cause traditional tracking loops to lose lock. In fact, the poor performance of the standard wide-correlator strategy in the above analysis can be explained by the fact that the receiver was unable to maintain lock on the satellites in view. Hence no measurements were generated, and no solutions computed. The survey-grade receiver used has advanced multipath mitigation technology, which helped to avoid loss of lock, but may have been tracking non-line-of-sight signals during portion of the down-town test, leading to errors in the navigation solution. The second advantage of HS processing is related to the coherent integration time and the vehicle dynamics. As the receiver antenna moves through the multipath environment, a different Doppler shift is observed on signals coming from different directions. Thus the line-of-sight and multipath components become separated in frequency. A longer coherent integration time increases the frequency resolution of the correlator output (due to the familiar sinc shape). Thus if the line-of-sight is present, and the coherent integration time is long relative to the inverse of the Doppler difference between the line-of-sight and reflected signals, individual peaks become visible in the grid of correlators. This effect can significantly reduce the impact of multipath on the measurements. Figure 14 gives an example of this. Figure 14. Sample correlation function showing two peaks. Conclusions The addition of GLONASS capability can significantly improve (10 percent improvements observed here) the number of position solutions with redundancy available in the urban canyon. With increasing GLONASS satellite availability, the benefits of using GLONASS will even be greater. It was shown that for the urban multipath environment the greatest benefits are seen when using a HS GNSS processing strategy with moderate extended coherent integration times (100 ms). Future interesting applications include the use of dual-frequency measurements, as almost all current GLONASS satellites transmit civil signals at both L1 and L2. Acknowledgments The authors would like to kindly acknowledge and thank Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) for partly funding this work. The authors also wish to thank Tao Lin, PhD candidate in the PLAN group, for his significant contribution to the block processing and data aiding software. Manufacturers The tests used a National Instruments PXI-5661 RF downconverter and digitizer, the PLAN GSNRx as standard wide-correlator receiver, the u-blox Antaris 4 (standalone HS-GPS), NovAtel OEMV-3 (survey-grade GPS/GLONASS), and the PLAN group software receiver GSNRx, as the assisted HS GPS/GLONASS. Cillian O’Driscoll received his Ph.D. in 2007 from the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Cork, and is currently a post-doctoral fellow in the PLAN Group of the University of Calgary. Gérard Lachapelle is a professor of geomatics engineering at the University of Calgary where he holds a Canada Research Chair in wireless location and heads the Position, Location and Navigation (PLAN) Group. Mohamed Tamazin is a M.Sc. candidate in the the PLAN at the University of Calgary. He holds a M.Sc. in electrical communications from the Arab Academy for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Egypt.

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3com dsa-15p-12 us 120120 ac adapter 12vdc 1a switching power ad.condor hk-h5-a05 ac adapter 5vdc 4a used -(+) 2x5.5mm round barr.5v 400ma ac adapter travel cellphone charger used mini usb 100-2,apd wa-10e05u ac adapter 5vdc 2a used 1.8x4mm -(+) 100-240vac,hp ppp012s-s ac adapter 19v dc 4.74a used 5x7.3x12.6mm straight,thomson 5-4026a ac adapter 3vdc 600ma used -(+) 1.1x3.5x7mm 90°,aps ad-740u-1120 ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm barrel,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper,plantronics ssa-5w-05 0us 050018f ac adapter 5vdc 180ma used usb.advent t ha57u-560 ac adapter 17vdc 1.1a -(+) 2x5.5mm 120vac use,hk-b518-a24 ac adapter 12vdc 1a -(+)- ite power supply 0-1.0a.propower pc-7280 battery charger 2.2vdc 1.2ahx6 used 115vac 60hz,mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers,tech std-1225 ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a used -(+) 2.3x5.5x9.8mm roun,replacement dc359a ac adapter 18.5v 3.5a used,netcom dv-9100 ac adapter 9vdc 100ma used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm straigh,belkin f5d4076-s v1 powerline network adapter 1 port used 100-12.apd asian power adapter wa-30b19u ac adapter 19vdc 1.58a used 1.,oem ad-0650 ac adapter 6vdc 500ma used -(+) 1.5x4mm round barrel.synchronization channel (sch).pace fa-0512000su ac adapter 5.1vdc 2a used -(+) 1.5x4x9mm round,wireless mobile battery charger circuit,sharp ea-65a ac adapter 6vdc 300ma used +(-) 2x5.5x9.6mm round b,dv-751a5 ac dc adapter 7.5vdc 1.5a used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm round bar,powmax ky-05048s-29 battery charger 29vdc 1.5a 3pin female ac ad,toshiba pa3378e-3ac3 ac adapter15vdc 5a -(+) 3x6.5mm used round,dve dsa-9w-09 fus 090100 ac adapter 9vdc 1a used 1.5x4mm dvd pla.gateway liteon pa-1900-15 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used,dtmf controlled home automation system,cui eua-101w-05 ac adapter 5vdc 2a -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm thumb nut 100.310mhz 315mhz 390mhz 418mhz 433mhz 434mhz 868mhz,black and decker etpca-180021u2 ac adapter 26vdc 210ma class 2.sanyo nu10-7050200-i3 ac adapter 5vdc 2a power supply,dve dsa-6pfa-05 fus 070070 ac adapter +7vdc 0.7a used.finecom ad-6019v replacement ac adapter 19vdc 3.15a 60w samsung,teamgreat t94b027u ac adapter 3.3vdc 3a -(+) 2.5x5.4mm 90 degree,you can control the entire wireless communication using this system,finecom pa-1300-04 ac adapter 19vdc 1.58a laptop's power sup,acbel api2ad13 ac adapter 12vdc 3.33a used 2.5x5.5mm 90 degree,jensen dv-1215-3508 ac adapter 12vdc 150ma used 90°stereo pin.most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius,bi bi05-060080-bdu ac adapter 6vdc 800ma used -(+) 2x5.5x9mm rou,hp pa-1650-02h ac adapter 18.5vdc 3.5a -(+) 1.5x5mm ppp009l roun.ancon 411503oo3ct ac adapter 15vdc 300ma used -(+) rf antenna co,illum fx fsy050250uu0l-6 ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a used -(+) 1x3.5x9m.9 v block battery or external adapter.li shin 0317a19135 ac adapter 19v 7.1a used oval pin power suppl.bluetooth and wifi signals (silver) 1 out of 5 stars 3.ss-05750 ac adapter 5vdc 750ma used mini usb connector travel,this is done using igbt/mosfet.wahl dhs-24,26,28,29,35 heat-spy ac adapter dc 7.5v 100ma.this is done using igbt/mosfet,li shin lse0107a1240 ac adapter 12vdc 3.33a used 2x5.5mm 90° rou.samsung tad136jbe ac adapter 5vdc 0.7a used 0.8x2.5mm 90°.ad1250-7sa ac adapter 12vdc 500ma -(+) 2.3x5.5mm 18w charger120,pi-35-24d ac adapter 12vdc 200ma used -(+)- 2.1x5.3mm straight r,archer 273-1454a ac dc adapter 6v 150ma power supply.military attacking jammer systems | jammer 2,ibm 02k6549 ac adapter 16vdc 3.36a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 90° degre.chuan ch35-4v8 ac adapter 4.8v dc 250ma used 2pin molex power,ault t48-161250-a020c ac adapter 16va 1250ma used 4pin connector,fujitsu fmv-ac325a ac adapter 19vdc 4.22a used 2.6x5.5mm 90 degr.cambridge tead-48-091000u ac adapter 9vdc 1a used 2 x 5.5 x 12mm.

Toy transformer ud4818140040tc ac adapter 14vdc 400ma 5.6w used.the pki 6085 needs a 9v block battery or an external adapter,trendnet tpe-111gi(a) used wifi poe e167928 100-240vac 0.3a 50/6,dell da65ns3-00 ac adapter 19.5v dc 3.34aa power supply.advent 35-12-200c ac dc adapter 12v 100ma power supply.nikon eh-5 ac adapter 9vdc 4.5a switching power supply digital c,compact dual frequency pifa …,this system considers two factors,mingway mwy-da120-dc025800 ac adapter 2.5vdc 800ma used 2pin cha.jvc aa-v16 camcorder battery charger,delta sadp-135eb b ac adapter 19vdc 7.1a used 2.5x5.5x11mm power.liteonpa-1121-02 ac adapter 19vdc 6a 2x5.5mm switching power,the jamming success when the mobile phones in the area where the jammer is located are disabled.phase sequence checker for three phase supply,cet 41-18-300d ac dc adapter 18v 300ma power supply,it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver,the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system,motorola psm4716a ac power supply dc 4.4v 1.5a phone charger spn.the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone,motorola nu20-c140150-i3 ac adapter 14vdc 1.5a used -(+) 2.5x5.5.charger for battery vw-vbg130 panasonic camcorder hdc-sd9pc sdr-,whether voice or data communication.finecom 12vdc 1a gas scooter dirt bike razor charger atv 12 volt.starcom cnr1 ac dc adapter 5v 1a usb charger,creative ua-1450 ac adapter 13.5v power supply i-trigue damage,creative ys-1015-e12 12v 1.25a switching power supply ac adapter,uniden ac6248 ac adapter 9v dc 350ma 6w linear regulated power s,sony adp-8ar a ac adapter 5vdc 1500ma used ite power supply,ac adapter 12vdc output 3pin power supply used working for lapto,replacement dc359a ac adapter 18.5v 3.5a used 2.3x5.5x10.1mm.4.5vdc 350ma dc car adapter charger used -(+) 1x3.5x9.6mm 90 deg,biogenik 3ds/dsi ac adapter used 4.6v 1a car charger for nintend.gsm channel jamming can only be successful if the gsm signal strength is weak.li shin emachines 0225c1965 ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a notebookpow,casio ad-c50150u ac dc adapter 5v 1.6a power supply.sony vgp-ac19v35 ac adapter 19.5v dc 4.7a laptop power supply,darelectro da-1 ac adapter 9.6vdc 200ma used +(-) 2x5.5x10mm rou.fsp group inc fsp180-aaan1 ac adapter 24vdc 7.5a loto power supp.pa-1700-02 replacement ac adapter 18.5v dc 3.5a laptop power sup.the jamming radius is up to 15 meters or 50 ft,dve dsa-0101f-05 up ac adapter 5v 2a power supply,globtek gt-4076-0609 ac adapter 9vdc 0.66a -(+)- used 2.6 x 5.5.crestron gt-21097-5024 ac adapter 24vdc 1.25a new -(+)- 2x5.5mm.olympus li-40c li-ion battery charger 4.2vdc 200ma for digital c.psc 7-0564 pos 4 station battery charger powerscan rf datalogic,ibm 02k6718 thinkpad multiple battery charger ii charge quick mu.kodak hpa-602425u1 ac adapter 24v dc power supply digital doc.curtis dvd8005 ac adapter 12vdc 2.7a 30w power supply,dve netbit dsc-51f-52p us switching power supply palm 15pin.moso xkd-c2000ic5.0-12w ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 0.7x2.5x9mm,dtmf controlled home automation system,handheld drone jamming gauge sc02,ct std-1203 ac adapter -(+) 12vdc 3a used -(+) 2.5x5.4mm straigh,anam ap1211-uv ac adapter 15vdc 800ma power supply,hp 0950-4488 ac adapter 31v dc 2420ma used 2x5mm -(+)- ite power.nokia ac-5e ac adapter cell phone charger 5.0v 800ma euorope ver,hp f1044b ac adapter 12vdc 3.3a adp-40cb power supply hp omnibo.replacement pa3201u-1aca ac adapter 19vdc 6.3a power supply tosh,.

2022/04/15 by Ok_xw36Fq@gmx.com

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