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By Gyles Panther Small ceramic patch elements offer nearly perfect single-frequency receive characteristics and have become the standard for GPS L1 antennas. However, the new generation of GNSS receivers now being introduced track many satellites in multiple constellations. Are these narrow-band devices up to the task for wider bandwidths? L1 Compass and GLONASS navigation signals are broadcast on frequencies close to GPS L1, but the offset exceeds the circular-response bandwidth of small patch antennas. This article discusses the nature of the defects to be expected with the use of small patches over the broader bandwidths required, and contrasts this with the higher performance of dual-feed patch antennas. It is very difficult to evaluate the relative merits of GNSS antennas without very specialized equipment and resources. An accurate method for comparative evaluation of competing antennas is described that makes use of the C/N0 values reported by GNSS receivers. A particular challenge facing GNSS is the threat posed by encroaching interfering signals; the LightSquared terrestrial segment signals often being quoted. Relatively simple measures are described to make GNSS antennas immune and the small resulting hit to antenna performance is quantified. Circularly-Polarized Carrier Signals The civilian signals transmitted from GNSS satellites are right hand circularly polarized (RHCP). This allows for arbitrary orientation of a receiving patch antenna (orthogonal to the direction of propagation) and, with a good co-polarized antenna, has the added benefit of cross polarization rejection. For conceptualization, circularly polarized (CP) signals can be thought of as comprised of two orthogonal, linearly polarized signals offset in phase by 90 degrees, as shown in fig 1 below. With one feed defined as I (in-phase), and the other Q (quadrature), the response of the antenna will either be LHCP or RHCP depending upon the polarity of the Q signal phase relative to that of the I signal. If a CP signal is reflected from a metallic surface (such as metalized glass), the reflected signal becomes cross-polarized, so that a reflected RHCP signal becomes LHCP, and vice-versa. Unlike the linearly polarized (LP) case, a good CP receiving antenna will reject cross-polarized signals resulting from a single reflection. In this respect, reception of CP signals by a CP antenna is considerably improved relatively to linearly polarized signals. FIGURE 1. Graphic representation of circular polarization (from Innovation column, July 1998 GPS World). Frequency Plans At this time, four global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are either in service or expected to achieve full operational capability within the next 2–3 years: GPS, of course, GLONASS, also now fully deployed, Galileo, and Compass, expected to be deployed over the next two years. Thus the systems and signals to be considered are: GPS-L1 at 1575.42 MHz; GLONASS L1, specified at 1602MHz (+6, –7) × Fs, where Fs is 0.5625 MHz; Compass at 1561 MHz; Galileo L1 as a transparent overlay on the GPS system at 1575.42 MHz. It has emerged that considerable accuracy and availability benefits derive from tracking a larger number of satellites from multiple constellations. Notably, STMicroelectronics has produced an excellent animation of the GPS and GLONASS constellations that shows the theoretical improvement in accuracy and fix availability that derive from simultaneously tracking GPS and GLONASS satellites in Milan, For a really interesting comparison check out www.youtube.com/watch?v=0FlXRzwaOvM. Most GNSS chip manufacturers now have multi-constellational GNSS receiver chips or multi-chip modules at various stages of development. It is awe-inspiring that the navigational and tracking devices in our cars and trucks will in the very near future concurrently track many satellites from several GNSS constellations. Garmin etrex 10/20/30 handhelds now have GLONASS as well as GPS capability. Small single-feed patch antennas have good CP characteristics over a bandwidth up to about 16 MHz. This format is cheap to build and provides almost ideal GPS L1 characteristics. Multi-constellation receivers such as GPS/GLONASS require antennas with an operational bandwidth of up to 32 MHz, and up to 49 MHz to also cover Compass. Patch Antenna Overview The familiar patch element is a small square ceramic substrate, fully metalized on one side, acting as a ground plane, and on the other, a metalized square patch. This structure constitutes two orthogonal high-Q resonant cavities, one along each major axis. An incident circular electromagnetic wave induces a ground current and an induced voltage (emf) between the patch edge and ground plane so that at  resonance, the cavity is coupled to free space by these fringing fields. A typical low-cost GPS L1 patch is a 25 × 25 × 4 mm block of ceramic (or smaller) with a single-feed pin. Patches as small as 12 mm square can be fabricated on high-dielectric constant substrates, but at the cost of lower gain and bandwidth. The two axes are coupled either by chamfered patch corners or by offset tuning plus diagonal feed pin positions (Figure 2). FIGURE 2. Patch RHCP configurations: left, corner chamfer; right, diagonal feed. An alternate form of patch antenna has independent feeds for each axis. The feeds are combined in a network that fully isolates the two feeds. Dual-feed antennas can provide nearly ideal characteristics but are inherently more expensive to build. See Figure 3. FIGURE 3. Dual-feed patch (left) and feed combiner (right). Basic Performance Parameters The factors that have a direct bearing on patch performance are: Gain and radiation pattern; Available signal-to-noise as a function of receiver gain and low-noise amplifier (LNA) noise figure; Bandwidth, measured as: radiated power gain bandwidth; impedance bandwidth; or axial ratio bandwidth. Gain and Radiation Pattern. Patch antennas are specified and usually used with an external ground plane, typically 70 or 100 millimeters (mm) square. Without an external ground plane a reasonable approximation of the radiation pattern is a circle tangential to the patch ground plane with a peak gain of about 3 dBic (dBic includes all power in a circular wave). The addition of an external ground plane increases the peak gain at zenith by up to 2 dB. The pattern shown in Figure 4 is typical for a 25 mm patch on a 100 mm ground plane. The gain peaks just under 5 dBic, dropping to about 0 dB at an elevation angle of ±60 degrees (the horizon is 90 degrees). FIGURE 4. Radiation pattern for 25 mm patch on 100 mm ground plane. Table 1 tabulates approximate gain values at zenith for a range of GPS L1 patch sizes, mounted on a 100-mm ground plane, at resonance, radiated with a RHCP signals (that is, dBic). TABLE 1. Patch size versus gain at zenith. Clearly, gain is significantly lower for patches smaller than 25 mm square. Not illustrated here is that the bandwidths of antennas smaller than 25 mm also become too narrow for consideration for anything other than single-frequency signals such as GPS L1. Achievable C/N0. The carrier signal-to-noise density ratio (C/N0) is a fundamental measure of signal quality and hence antenna performance. For a given receiver, if the C/N0 is degraded due to any cause, be it a poorly tuned patch or bad LNA noise figure or other, the shortfall in performance is non-recoverable. The effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of the transmitted GPS L1 signal from the space vehicles is approximately 27 dBW. If D is the range to the satellite, and λ is the carrier wavelength, the free space path loss, PL, is given by PL = [ λ / (4 × π × D)]2 The signal power received at the antenna terminals, Pr, is given by: Pr = EIRP × Gr × PL where Gr is the receive antenna gain. The noise power in a 1 Hz bandwidth, N0, referred back to the antenna terminals is given by: N0 = 10log(Te × k), where Te is the overall system noise temperature, and k is the Boltzmann constant. Thus C/N0, the ratio of received carrier power to noise in a 1 Hz bandwidth, referred to the antenna is C/N0 = Pr / N0 Quantifying this calculation: For λ = 0.19 meters (corresponding to the L1 frequency), and an orbit height of 21,000 kilometers, the path loss, PL = –182.8 dBW. The received signal power, Pr = EIRP(dBW) + Gr(dB)+ PL(dB) (in dBW) Assuming the mid-elevation antenna gain, Gr, is 3 dBic, Pr = –152.8 dBW. For a cascaded system such as a GPS receiver, the overall noise temperature is given by: Te = Ts + Tlna + Tgps/Glna where Te is the overall receiver system noise temperature, Ts is an estimate of sky-noise temperature at 1575.42 MHz, assumed to be 80 K, Tlna is the LNA noise temperature (76 K for an LNA noise figure of 1 dB), Glna is the LNA gain (631 for 28 dB gain), and Tgps is the noise temperature of the GPS receiver (636 K for 5 dB receiver noise figure). Thus, Te = 157.1 K and N0 = –206.6 dBW. The available ratio of received carrier power to 1 Hz noise, C/N0, referenced to the antenna is: C/N0 = Pr/(Te × k) – (implementation loss) where implementation loss is an estimate of the decode implementation loss in the GPS receiver, assumed to be 2 dB (something of a fiddle factor, but reasonable!) Thus, C/N0 = –152.8 – (–206.6) – 2 dB = 51.8 dB. For satellites that subtend a high elevation angle, the reported C/N0 could be 2 dB higher or 53.8 dB best case. A good circular antenna should provide C/N0 values in the range 51 dB–53 dB. This can be checked using the (NMEA) $GPGSV message output from most GNSS receivers. Comparative measurement of C/N0 provides the basis for comparative antenna evaluation as described later. Single-Feed Bandwidth. Bandwidth of single-feed patches can be defined in several quite different ways. Radiated power gain bandwidth: the bandwidth over which the amplitude at the terminals of the receiving antenna is not more than X dB below the peak amplitude, with an incident CP field. Axial ratio bandwidth: the bandwidth over which the ratio of the maximum to minimum output signal powers for any two orthogonal axes is less than Y dB. This is an indicator of how well the antenna will reject cross-polarized signals. Return loss (RL) or impedance bandwidth: that over which the feed input return loss is less than Z dB. This is very easy to measure, and gives the most optimistic bandwidth value. The input impedance of a single-feed patch is shown in Figure 5. The rotated W-shape of the single-feed patch impedance is a result of the coupling between the two axes of the patch. The 10 dB return loss, called S11, is shown as a circle, outside of which |S11| > –10 dB. These measures of bandwidth are shown for 25 × 25 × 4 mm and two thicknesses of 36 mm2 antennas in Table 2. FIGURE 5. S11 for a 25 mm single-feed patch. TABLE 2. The various measures of patch bandwidth. These different measures yield large differences in bandwidth. The merits of each depends on what is important to the user. From a purist viewpoint, the most intuitively useful measure of bandwidth is the 0.5 dB radiated gain value. Even then, at the band edges so defined, the axial ratio for a 25 mm2 × 4 mm patch is degraded to about 5 dB, just on the negative side of ok. As shown in Table 2, the 10 dB return loss bandwidth is comparatively wide. Figure 6 shows the EФ and Eϴ fields for a 36-mm patch a) at resonance and, b) and c), at the upper and lower –10 dB RL frequencies. At resonance the fields are equal, and the radiation is circular (add 3 dB for the CP gain). At the two 10 dB RL offset frequencies, the axial ratio is about 9 dB, with the dominant axis swapped at the band edges.  (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 6. (a) Realized gain patterns EФ and Eθ, single-feed at resonance, Fc.  (b) realized gain patterns EФ and Eθ , single-feed, Fc+F–10 dB. (c) realized gain patterns EФ and Eθ, single-feed, Fc-F+10dB. As a transmitter, a 10 dB return loss would correspond to 90 percent of the energy transmitted, in this case, mostly on a single axis. By reciprocity, as a receiver, the single axis gain of the patch at the 10 dB RL frequency is higher (by about 2 dB ) than at resonance. So, if a linear response can be tolerated, the 10 dB bandwidth is a useful measure, albeit for a very non-ideal response. Because the two axes are only balanced at resonance, single-feed patches are only truly circular at resonance. An ideal CP antenna has an equal response to a linearly polarized signal, for any rotational angle of incidence. Figure 7 shows the response of a CP antenna to a LP signal for any rotation, which is 3 dB down relative to the response to a co-polarized CP wave. Figure 7. Perfect CP response to linearly polarized waveform. In contrast, Figure 8 shows the responses of a single-feed patch (25 mm2 × 4 mm) as a function of field rotation with a linearlarly polarized wave. Note that, at resonance, all of the responses have the same amplitude because the patch is circular at that frequency. Figure 8. 25-millimeter single-feed patch response to linear polarization rotation. The responses shown above are for the following conditions: A)  single axis excitation (axis A) B)  single axis excitation (axis B) C)  equal axis excitation, antipodal D)  equal axis excitation, in-phase. The relevance of this is that a circular polarized wave can become elliptical as a result of multipath interference. Figure 8 shows that the antenna response can be highly variable as a function of the angle of the ellipse principal axis. This is another way of looking at impaired cross-polarization rejection. In addition, poor axial ratio results in non-equal contributions from each of EФ and Eϴ as the E vector of a linearly polarized wave is rotated. Thus an antenna with a poor axial ratio has a non-linear phase response, unlike a truly CP antenna which has an output phase that rotates proportionally with the E vector rotation. 25 mm2 patches for GPS/GLONASS applications are tuned to the mid frequency of 1590 MHz. Because the RHCP response is narrow, so is the cross polarization rejection, which is also centered at 1590 MHz, Figure 9 shows the simulated response of a single-feed 25 mm patch to co-polarized and cross polarized fields. Figure 9. Co-polarized and cross polarized response, single-feed patch. The cross-polarization rejection is degraded at both GPS and GLONASS  frequencies, so that much of the ability of the antenna to reject reflected signals is lost. Against these criteria, a 25 × 25 × 4 mm single-feed patch element can provide good CP performance over about 16 MHz. Of course, initial tuning tolerance must be subtracted from this. However, even within the 0.5 dB radiated gain bandwidth the axial ratio rapidly becomes degraded to about 5 dB, and at larger offsets, the patch response becomes virtually linearly polarized, with poor cross-polarization rejection and phase response. However, as a redeeming feature, the single-feed patch has a wideband frequency response albeit linearly polarized at the GPS and GLONASS frequencies (the band edges). Dual-Feed Patches By comparison, dual-feed patches can provide almost ideal characteristics over the bandwidth of the patch element. Figure 3 shows a typical physical configuration and a schematic representation for the feed combining network. This ensures that the two axis feeds are fully isolated from each other over all frequencies of interest. The well known 90-degree hybrid coupler provides exactly the required transfer function. The Smith chart in Figure 10 shows the impedance of one of the two feeds (that is, one axis) and the combiner output impedance, this being just a small locus close to 50 ohms. Figure 10. Dual-feed patch, single axis and combiner S11. Contributions from each axis at all frequencies are theoretically identical for a perfect specimen, so that the configuration naturally has an almost ideal axial ratio (0 dB). Gain and Radiation Pattern. At resonance, the mode of operation of the single and dual-feed patches is identical so, unsurprisingly, the gain and radiation pattern are also the same; see Figure 4. Dual-Feed Bandwidth. The 1 dB radiation bandwidth of a dual-feed patch is just less than 1 MHz narrower than if configured as a single feed. Otherwise, the bandwidth of a dual-feed patch is simply the resonant characteristic of the cavities comprised of each axis. The allowable in-band roll-off defines the patch bandwidth, which in any event should not be worse than 1.0 dB, including initial tuning errors. The response for a 36 × 36 × 6 mm patch is shown in Figure 11. Figure 11. Co-polarization and cross-polarization response, dual-feed patch. Axial Ratio. Because the axial ratio of dual-feed patches is inherently good, the cross-polarization rejection is also good. The simulated cross-polarization response for the dual-feed patch is also shown in Figure 11. In reality, small gain and phase imbalances in the printed circuit board, hybrid coupler, and patch itself will prevent the axial ratio from being perfect and cross-polarization response not quite so ideal. With good manufacturing controls, axial ratio can be held to typically better than 2 dB. The obvious question is, since dual-feed devices have nearly ideal characteristics, why not just make a low cost small dual-feed antenna? There are three issues: The first is that the feed offsets required for a 25 mm2 patch are physically too close for two feed pins. Secondly, a dual-feed structure requires an additional relatively expensive combiner component; thirdly, sometimes, the only way to achieve the necessary bandwidth is through the considerably extended, but linearly polarized bandwidth of the single-feed patch. That said, were it possible, it would be the ideal solution. Comparative Performance The C/N0 value reported in the NMEA $GPGSV message provides a simple method for comparative evaluation of GNSS antennas. The idea is to compare reported C/N0 values for a number of competing antenna types. This requires a reference GPS receiver, a logging computer and the antennas to be evaluated, and these should be arranged so that: The computer is set up to log the NMEA $GPGSV messages output from the receiver ($GLGSV for GLONASS). Each antenna is placed and centered on identical ground planes (100 mm), The antennas-under-test are not closer to each other than 0.5 meters (to ensure no coupling), and Each antenna-under-test has a clear sight of the whole sky, and It is possible to quickly switch the antenna connectors at the receiver. The method is to connect each antenna in sequence for 15 seconds or so, and to log NMEA data during that time. The antenna connector substitution should be slick, so that the receiver quickly re-acquires, and to validate the assumption of a quasi-stationary constellation. Each NMEA $GPGSV message reports C/N0, at the antenna, for up to 4 satellites in view. The best reported average C/N0 value for specific satellites 49 dB and above are the values of interest. The winner is the highest reported C/N0 value for each constellation. This sequence should be repeated a few times to get the best estimate. The important parameter is the difference between the reported C/N0 and the receiver acquisition C/N0 threshold. If the acquisition C/N0 threshold is –30 dB, an antenna that yields –49 dB C/N0 has a 19 dB margin, while an antenna that yields 52 dB has a 22 dB margin — a big difference. Immunity to LightSquared Much has been written regarding the threat of the prospective terrestrial segment that the LightSquared L-band communication system poses for GPS (and GNSS in general), which mostly is true. On the other hand, front-end protection for GNSS antennas is a relatively simple, inexpensive addition. The performance cost (in addition to a very small dollar cost increment) is an unavoidable but relatively small sensitivity hit. Note that L-band augmentation systems, other than WAAS and compatible systems, face a more difficult problem. This is not just a LightSquared issue. In several corners of the world, transmission of high-level signals are permitted that have the potential to interfere with GPS either by source distortion or inter-modulation within the GPS antenna front end itself. The primary hazard is saturation of the first stage of what is usually a two stage LNA. So, the only way to protect against this is a pre-filter, as shown in Figure 12. FIGURE 12. Pre-filtered antenna architecture. There is a trade-off between the slope and corner frequency of the pre-filter out-of-band rejection and its associated insertion loss. The table below shows the response with a wider filter with an insertion loss of 1 dB, the second a more aggressive filter with a 2.5 dB insertion loss (IL). Table 3 shows overall noise figure including and excluding sky noise. Sky-noise temperature is used here as a catchall that includes true sky-noise, thermal noise (the antenna can partially see the local environment), plus similar factors. The value used is arguable, but experience indicates this is a reasonable number. The existence of sky noise limits the lowest available noise figure and sets the effect of a pre-filter in the correct context. In any event addition of a quite adequate pre-filter against a 1536 MHz signal can be achieved with less than 1 dB impact on received C/N0. TABLE 3. Rejection and noise figure for pre-filtered antenna. Putting It All Together Small (25 mm2 × 4 mm) single-feed patches are only truly circularly polarized at resonance but do have good CP characteristics over a bandwidth of about 16 MHz, and almost perfect for GPS L1. The pre-dominance of this format for GPS L1 is fully justified. However, when used to receive wider bandwidth signals such as GPS/GLONASS, single-feed patch antennas suffer from a litany of minor flaws, most particularly poor axial ratio and poor cross-polarization rejection. On the other hand, the coupling that happens in single-feed antennas results in a very wide 10 dB return loss bandwidth but at the band edges (where the GNSS signals are) they are virtually linearly polarized. There is no doubt that the performance of small single-feed patches for bandwidths such as those required for GPS/GLONASS coverage is marginal. However, to no small extent, the sensitivity of modern receiver chips is so good that marginal antenna performance can often be accommodated, at least from a basic operational viewpoint. The receiver bails out the antenna. However, the end result must be degraded GNSS reception. If the application cannot tolerate reduced GNSS availability or accuracy because of marginal antenna performance the choice should be a dual-feed patch type. This will present the GNSS receiver with more consistent signals levels and phase responses and less interference. The end result should be faster acquisition, and realization of the improvement in horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) that GPS/GLONASS offers. The reported values of C/N0 in the $GPGCV NMEA message provides a simple and sensitive means to comparatively evaluate antenna performance. A not insignificant consideration is that the antenna is usually a very visible part of a bigger system, and unavoidably represents the quality of the user equipment. In that case, the antenna housing robustness and appearance may also be a criterion to maintain the image of the end product. The final point is that introduction of pre-filters into active GNSS is a good idea, whose time has come. This provides protection against the well known bug-a-boo, but also protects against known interference in other parts of the world. Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the assistance of Inpaq Technologies (Suzhou) Ltd., for provision of patch samples and technical support; Rony Amaya, adjunct research professor, Carleton University, Ottawa, for discussions and assistance in preparing this article; and STMicroeletronics for permission to cite the GPS+GLONASS demonstration video. Gyles Panther is president and CTO of Tallysman Wireless (www.tallysman.com) and has an honors degree in applied physics from City University, London. He has worked in the fields of RF and satellite communications for more than 20 years. As CTO of a precursor company he was the principal engineer for the development of a wide-area Canadian differential GPS corrections system (CDGPS) receiver. Tallysman is a new start-up specializing in high-performance GNSS antennas and systems.

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Amongst the wide range of products for sale choice.acbel api3ad01 ac adapter 19vdc 6.3a 3x6.5mm -(+) used power sup,airspan sda-1 type 2 ethernet adapter 48vdc 500ma,airspan pwa-024060g ac adapter 6v dc 4a charger,by this wide band jamming the car will remain unlocked so that governmental authorities can enter and inspect its interior,jvc aa-r1001 ac adapter 10.7vdc 3a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm 110-240v.lei iu40-11190-010s ac adapter 19vdc 2.15a 40w used -(+) 1.2x5mm,dataprobe k-12a 1420001 used 12amp switch power supplybrick di.this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,compaq adp-50ch bc ac adapter 18.5vdc 2.7a used 1.8x4.8mm round.high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier.a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked.#1 jammer (best overall) escort zr5 laser shifter,apd asian power adapter wa-30b19u ac adapter 19vdc 1.58a used 1..cell phones are basically handled two way ratios,offers refill reminders and pickup notifications,hp adp-65hb bc ac adapter 18.5v 3.5a 65w 463552-004 laptop compa,apple m3365 ac adapter 13.5vdc 1a -(+) 1x3.4x4.8mm tip 120vac 28,ibm 49g2192 ac adapter 20-10v 2.00-3.38a power supply49g2192 4,the signal must be < – 80 db in the locationdimensions,dve dsa-0601s-121 1250 ac adapter 12vdc 4.2a used 2.2 x 5.4 x 10.please visit the highlighted article.datalogic sc102ta0942f02 ac adapter 9vdc 1.67a +(-) 2x5.5mm ault,kensington system saver 62182 ac adapter 15a 125v used transiet.motorola psm5037b travel charger 5.9v 375ma ac power supply spn5,m2297p ac car adapter phone charger used 0.6x3.1x7.9cm 90°right,d-link mu05-p050100-a1 ac adapter 5vdc 1a used -(+) 90° 2x5.5mm,finecom la-520w ac adapter 5vdc 2a -(+) 0.8x2.5mm new charger ho.soneil 2403srm30 ac adapter +24vdc 1.5a used cut wire battery ch,zener diodes and gas discharge tubes,linksys wa15-050 ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm round.eng 3a-302da18 ac adapter 20vdc 1.5a new 2.5x5.5mm -(+) 100-240v,kinyo teac-41-090800u ac adapter 9vac 800ma used 2.5x5.5mm round.toshiba pa2450u ac adapter 15v dc 3a 45w new power supply,energizer saw-0501200 ac adapter 5vd used 2 x 4 x 9 mm straight.soneil 2403srd ac adapter 24vdc 1.5a 3pin xlr connector new 100-.this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada.ad-187 b ac adapter 9vdc 1a 14w for ink jet printer.5% – 80%dual-band output 900,texas instruments zvc36-18 d4 ac adapter 18vdc 2a 36w -(+)- for.archer 273-1404 voltage converter 220vac to 110vac used 1600w fo,eng 3a-122wp05 ac adapter 5vdc 2a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm black used swit,90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own.

Netmedia std-2421pa ac adapter 24vdc 2.1a used -(+)- 2x5.5mm rou. ,condor wp05120i ac adapter 12v dc 500ma power supply,finecom pa-1300-04 ac adapter 19vdc 1.58a laptop's power sup,jhs-q34-adp ac adapter 5vdc 2a used 4 pin molex hdd power connec,olympus c-7au ac adapter6.5v dc 2a used -(+) 1.7x5x9.4mm strai,with infrared the remote control turns on/off the power,who offer lots of related choices such as signal jammer,the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.dee ven ent dsa-0301-05 5v 3a 3pin power supply.circuit-test std-09006u ac adapter 9vdc 0.6a 5.4w used -(+) 2x5..channex tcr ac adapter 5.1vdc 120ma used 0.6x2.5x10.3mm round ba,including almost all mobile phone signals.targus apa30us ac adapter 19.5vdc 90w max used universal,yamaha pa-1210 ac adapter 12vdc 1a used -(+) 2x5.5x10mm round ba.sanyo var-l20ni li-on battery charger 4.2vdc 650ma used ite powe,brother epa-5 ac adapter 7.5vdc 1a used +(-) 2x5.5x9.7mm round b,bs-032b ac/dc adapter 5v 200ma used 1 x 4 x 12.6 mm straight rou,sony ac-l25b ac adapter 8.4vdc 1.7a 3 pin connector charger swit,dpx351314 ac adapter 6vdc 300ma used -(+)- 2.4 x 5.3 x 10 mm str,the best-quality chlorine resistant xtra life power lycra,hp compaq pa-1900-18h2 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used zt3000 pavili,toshiba pa2444u ac adapter 15vdc 4a 60w original switching powe.pc-3010-dusn ac adapter 3vdc 1000ma used 90 degree right angle a,nikon eh-64 ac adapter 4.8vdc 1.5a -(+) power supply for coolpix,sony psp-180 dc car adapter 5vdc 2000ma used -(+) 1.5x4mm 90° ro.rocket fish rf-bslac ac adapter 15-20vdc 5a used 5.5x8mm round b,motorola psm5091a ac adapter 6.25vdc 350ma power supply.circuit-test ad-1280 ac adapter 12v 800ma 9pin medical equipment,eng 3a-152du15 ac adapter 15vdc 1a -(+) 1.5x4.7mm ite power supp,compaq pa-1900-05c1 acadapter 18.5vdc 4.9a 1.7x4.8mm -(+)- bul.2110cla ac adapter used car charger.bogen rf12a ac adapter 12v dc 1a used power supply 120v ac ~ 60h,ibm pscv 360107a ac adapter 24vdc 1.5a used 4pin 9mm mini din 10,mobile jammerbyranavasiya mehul10bit047department of computer science and engineeringinstitute of technologynirma universityahmedabad-382481april 2013,logitech tesa5-0500700d-b ac adapter 5vdc 300ma used -(+) 0.6x2.,toshiba pa2478u ac dc adapter 18v 1.7a laptop power supply.nec pa-1700-02 ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a 65w switching power supply,beigixing 36vdc 1.6a electric scooter dirt bike razor charger at,specialix 00-100000 ac adapter 12v 0.3a rio rita power supply un,delta eadp-25bb a ac adapter 5v 5a laptop power supply,the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque,sanyo js-12050-2c ac adapter 12vdc 5a used 4pin din class 2 powe.

Ascend wp571418d2 ac adapter 18v 750ma power supply,delta adp-65hb bb ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a used-(+) 2.5x5.5mm 100-.akii technology a10d2-09mp ac adapter +9vdc 1a 2.5 x 5.5 x 9.3mm,mbsc-dc 48v-2 ac adapter 59vdc 2.8a used -(+) power supply 100-1.acbel api3ad14 ac adapter 19vdc 6.3a used female 4pin din 44v086.this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off.this is circuit diagram of a mobile phone jammer,while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,jvc aa-v6u power adapter camcorder battery charger,high power hpa-602425u1 ac adapter 24vdc 2.2a power supply.digipower acd-fj3 ac dc adapter switching power supply,dve dsa-9w-09 fus 090080 ac adapter 9v 0.8a switching power adap.anoma electric aec-4130 ac adapter 3vdc 350ma used 2x5.5x9.5mm.1800 to 1950 mhztx frequency (3g),akii techa25b1-05mb ac adapter +5vdc 5a power supply.ut starcom adp-5fh b ac adapter 5vdc 1a used usb phone charger p.swingline ka120240060015u ac adapter 24vdc 600ma plug in adaptor,kensington k33403 ac adapter 16v 5.62a 19vdc 4.74a 90w power sup,ktec ka12d240020034u ac adapter 24vdc 200ma used -(+) 2x5.5x14mm.black & decker fs18c 5103069-12 ac adapter 21.75v dc 210ma used.griffin p2275 charger 5vdc 2.1a from 12vdc new dual usb car adap,konica minolta ac-a10n ac adapter 9vdc 0.7a 2x5.5mm +(-) used,walker 1901.031 ac adapter 9vdc 100ma used -(+) 2.1x5.3mm round.thomson 5-2752 telephone recharge cradle with 7.5v 150ma adapter,chd dpx351314 ac adapter 6vdc 300ma used 2.5x5.5x10mm -(+),targus 800-0083-001 ac adapter 15-24vdc 90w used laptop power su,skil 92943 flexi-charge power system 3.6v battery charger for 21.macallister 9804 ac adapter dc 17.5v 1.5a used class 2 battery c,csi wireless sps-05-002 ac adapter 5vdc 500ma used micro usb 100.80h00312-00 5vdc 2a usb pda cradle charger used -(+) cru6600,many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones,averatec sadp-65kb b ac adapter19vdc 3.42a used 2.5x5.4x11.2mm,rechercher produits de bombe jammer+433 -+868rc 315 mhz de qualité,in-li yl-12-12 ac adapter 12vac 12va used ~(~) 2pin din female p,ibm pa-1121-071 ac adapter 16vdc 7.5a used 4-pin female 02k7086,logitech l-ld4 kwt08a00jn0661 ac adapter 8vdc 500ma used 0.9x3.4,panasonic pqlv208 ac adapter 9vdc 350ma -(+)- used 1.7 x 4.7 x 9,sony ac-lm5 ac dc adapter 4.2v 1.5a power supplyfor cybershot,it’s also been a useful method for blocking signals to prevent terrorist attacks.computer concepts 3comc0001 dual voltage power supply bare pcb 1,katana ktpr-0101 ac adapter 5vdc 2a used 1.8x4x10mm,fairway wna10a-060 ac adapter +6v 1.66a - ---c--- + used2 x 4,panasonic pv-dac14d ac adapter 8.4vdc 0.65a used -(+) battery.

Canon cb-5l battery charger 18.4vdc 1.2a ds8101 for camecorder c.is someone stealing your bandwidth,rim sps-015 ac adapter ite power supply,black&decker ua-0602 ac adapter 6vac 200ma used 3x6.5mm 90° roun,ppp014s replacement ac adapter 19vdc 4.7a used 2.5x5.4mm -(+)- 1,anoma electric aec-t5713a ac adapter 13.5vdc 1.5a power supply,edac ea1060b ac adapter 18-24v dc 3.2a used 5.2 x 7.5 x 7.9mm st,toshiba pa2440u ac adapter 15vdc 2a laptop power supply,fujitsu cp293662-01 ac adapter 19vdc 4.22a used 2.5 x 5.5 x 12mm,some powerful models can block cell phone transmission within a 5 mile radius.this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply.ibm 02k6665 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a use-(+) 2.5x5.5mm power supply.this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,canada and most of the countries in south america,the project is limited to limited to operation at gsm-900mhz and dcs-1800mhz cellular band.computer wise dv-1250 ac adapter 12v dc 500ma power supplycond,aciworld 48-7.5-1200d ac adapter 7.5v dc 1200ma power supply,vertex nc-77c two way radio charger with kw-1207 ac adapter 12v,the frequencies are mostly in the uhf range of 433 mhz or 20 – 41 mhz.this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink,top global wrg20f-05ba ac adapter 5vdc 4a -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm used,eng epa-201d-07 ac adapter 7vdc 2.85a used -(+) 2x5.5x10mm round,channel well cap012121 ac adapter 12vdc 1a used 1.3x3.6x7.3mm.canon ca-100 charger 6vdc 2a 8.5v 1.2a used power supply ac adap,dewalt dw9107 one hour battery charger 7.2v-14.4v used 2.8amps,skynet dnd-3012 ac adapter 30vdc 1a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm 120vac.syquest ap07sq-us ac adapter 5v 0.7a 12v 0.3a used5 pin din co,panasonic ag-b6hp ac adapter 12vdc 1.8a used power supply.hp nsw23579 ac adapter 19vdc 1.58a 30w ppp018l mini hstnn-170c 1.hios cb-05 cl control box 20-30vdc 4a made in japan.u.s. robotics tesa1-150080 ac adapter 15vdc 0.8a power supply sw.casio ad-1us ac adapter 7.5vdc 600ma used +(-) 2x5.5x9.4mm round,altec lansing s012bu0500250 ac adapter 5vdc 2500ma -(+) 2x5.5mm,which implements precise countermeasures against drones within 1000 meters,hh-stc001a 5vdc 1.1a used travel charger power supply 90-250vac,lighton pb-1200-1m01 ac adapter 5v 4a switching ac power supply,cobra ca 25 ac adapter dc 16v 100ma power supply charger,prudent way pw-ac90le ac adapter 20vdc 4.5a used -(+) 2x5.5x12mm,hi capacity san0902n01 ac adapter 15-20v 5a -(+)- 3x6.5mm used 9.u075015a12v ac adapter 7.5vac 150ma used ~(~) 2x5.5x10mm 90 degr,fujifilm bc-60 battery charger 4.2vdc 630ma used 100-240v~50/60h.this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage,akii a05c1-05mp ac adapter +5vdc 1.6a used 3 x 5.5 x 9.4mm.

Gn netcom acgn-22 ac adapter 5-6vdc 5w used 1.4 x 3.5 x 9.6mm st,apd da-48m12 ac adapter 12vdc 4a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm 100-240vac,cable shoppe inc oh-1048a0602500u-ul ac adapter 6vdc 2.5a used.transformer 12vac power supply 220vac for logic board of coxo db,ibm 12j1447 ac adapter 16v dc 2.2a power supply 4pin for thinkpa,ring core b1205012lt used 12v 50va 4.2a class 2 transformer powe.2 w output power3g 2010 – 2170 mhz.what is a cell phone signal jammer,kodak easyshare camera dock ii cx4200 series with 7v ac adapter,panasonic bq-345a ni-mh battery charger 2.8v 320ma 140max2,cet technology 48a-18-1000 ac adapter 18vac 1000ma used transfor,aasiya acdc-100h universal ac adapter 19.5v 5.2a power supply ov.braun 4729 towercharger 100-130vac 2w class 2 power supply ac,asus ad59230 ac adapter 9.5vdc 2.315a laptop power supply,plantronics a100-3 practica for single or multi line telephone u,thomson 5-4026a ac adapter 3vdc 600ma used -(+) 1.1x3.5x7mm 90°.this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,dve dsa-31s fus 5050 ac adapter+5v dc 0.5a new -(+) 1.4x3.4x9.,xata sa-0022-02 automatic fuses,dewalt d9014-04 battery charger 1.5a dc used power supply 120v,.

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